Soil analysis procedures using 0.01 <i>M</i> calcium chloride as extraction reagent

Houba, V.J.G.; Temminghoff, E.J.M.; Gaikhorst, G.A.; Vark, W. Van

doi:10.1080/00103620009370514

Cited by 760 publications

(432 citation statements)

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“…Our second aim is to compare the effectiveness of the 0.43 M HNO 3 soil test, which is used widely in the European Union (EU), with tests like 0.1 M HCl or 0.05 M EDTA method used in Taiwan. Using empirical solid-solution partitioning models and the reactive metal pool as input, the size of the directly available metal pools measured by dilute salt extracts like 0.01 M CaCl 2 can be predicted (Houba et al 2000). Hence, our third aim is to derive solid-solution partitioning models for metals based on the 0.01 M CaCl 2 extracts.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Both the total dissolved concentration and the free metal ion activity in solution have been used as a measure of the directly available pool (Saxe et al 2001;Lofts et al 2004, Hough et al 2005Peijnenburg et al 2007). Since it is difficult to obtain real soil solution samples, soil extracts such as a 1:10 w/v soil-solution extract using 0.01 M CaCl 2 (Houba et al 2000) are believed to represent the directly available pool in soil (Degryse et al 2003). Indeed, a clear relationship between the CaCl 2 extractable metal content and accumulation of Cd in rice was observed (Kikuchi et al 2008;Li et al 2008;Simmons et al 2008;Brus et al 2009).…”

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“…Total metal content can be measured by extraction of soil with Aqua Regia (AR) or hydrofluoric acid (HF) or by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Reactive metal pool can be determined by extraction of soil with 0.43 M HNO 3 , 0.1 M HCl, or 0.05 M EDTA, whereas the directly available metal pool can be determined by extraction with 0.01 M CaCl 2 (Houba et al 1997). The reactive fraction represents sorbed metals reacting with binding sites located on surfaces of soil organic matter (SOM), amorphous metal oxides, and clay and is believed to control the metal concentration in the soil solution (Weng et al 2001;Tipping et al 2003).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Adsorption-desorption equilibria between the reactive metal pool in the soil-solid phase and the metal concentration in soil solution have been described with empirical solid-solution partitioning models in which pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were included to account for differences between soils (Römkens et al 2004;Ingwersen and Streck 2006;Meers et al 2007;Koopmans et al 2008a). Various extracts are used to determine the size of the reactive metal pools including dilute acids like 0.43 M HNO 3 (Houba et al 1997;Weng et al 2001;Tipping et al 2003), 0.1 M HCl (Colombo and van den Berg 1998), and EDTA (Clayton and Tiller 1979). The total pool is usually larger than the reactive pool, and the difference between both is considered to be nonreactive or inert, at least on a time scale of years to decades.…”

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Characterization of soil heavy metal pools in paddy fields in Taiwan: chemical extraction and solid-solution partitioning

et al. 2009

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Background, aim, and scope Ongoing industrialization has resulted in an accumulation of metals like Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn, and Pb in paddy fields across Southeast Asia. Risks of metals in soils depend on soil properties and the availability of metals in soil. At present, however, limited information is available on how to measure or predict the directly available fraction of metals in paddy soils. Here, the distribution of Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn, and Pb in 19 paddy fields among the total, reactive, and directly available pools was measured using recently developed concepts for aerated soils. Solid-solution partitioning models have been derived to predict the directly available metal pool. Such models are proven to be useful for risk assessment and to derive soil quality standards for aerated soils. , and directly available metal pools (0.01 M CaCl 2 ) were determined. Solid-solution partitioning models were derived by multiple linear regressions using an extended Freundlich equation using the reactive metal pool, pH, and the cation exchange capacity (CEC). The influence of Zn on metal partitioning and differences between both sampling events (May/November) were evaluated. Results Total metals contents range from background levels to levels in excess of current soil quality standards for arable land. Between 3% (Cr) and 30% (Cd) of all samples exceed present soil quality standards based on extraction with AR. Total metal levels decreased with an increasing distance from the irrigation water inlet. The reactive metal pool relative to the total metal content is increased in the order Cr << Ni = Zn < Pb < Cu < Cd and ranged from less than 10% for Cr to more than 70% for Cd. Despite frequent redox cycles, Cd, Pb, and Cu appear to remain rather reactive. The methods to determine the reactive metal pool in soils yield comparable results, although the 0.43 M HNO 3 extraction is slightly stronger than HCl and EDTA. The close correlation between these methods suggests that they release similar fractions from soils, probably those reversibly sorbed to soil organic matter (SOM) and clay. The average directly available pool ranged from less than 1% for Cu, Pb, and Cr to 10% for Ni, Zn, and Cd when compared to the reactive metal pool. For Cd, Ni, Zn, and to a lesser extent for Cu and Pb, solid-solution partitioning models were able to explain up to 93% (Cd) of the observed variation in the directly available metal pool. CaCl 2 extractable Zn increased the directly available pool for Ni, Cd, and Cu but not that of Pb and Cr. In the polluted soils, the directly available pool was higher in November compared to that in May. Differences in temperature, rainfall, and changes in soil properties such as pH are likely to contribute to the differences observed within the year. The solid-solution partitioning model failed to explain the variation in the directly available Cr pool, probably because Cr is present in precipitates rather than being adsorbed onto SOM and clay. Despite obvious differences in parent material, source of pollu...

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Characterization of soil heavy metal pools in paddy fields in Taiwan: chemical extraction and solid-solution partitioning

et al. 2009

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“…Soil pH was determined in a suspension of 1:2.5 (w:v) of soil: water using glass electrode. Soil was ground to≈ 0.45 mm, extracted with 0.01 M CaCl2 to determine total elemental As concentrations [28] using ICP-MS (Prodigy Spec., Leeman Labs, USA). The irrigation water was also analyzed for the As concentration.…”

Section: Soil Sampling and Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arsenate-Resistant Genes in Egyptian Rice Cultivars as Soil Pollution Sensors

Hafez¹,

Bestawy²,

Rashad³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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The main objective of the present study was to investigate arsenate [As (V)] resistance genes in rice cultivars grown in arsenic contaminated Egyptian soil in order to genetically induce resistance against arsenic in the local rice varieties as well as defining contaminated rice grains and/or soil. Three local rice cultivars; Sakha 102-104 were cultivated on modified Murashige and Skoog Basal Medium (MS medium) containing elevated concentrations of arsenate (0.1, 1 and 10 mg/l). The three varieties showed different resistant attitudes against arsenate with Sakha 104 being the most resistant. Extracted messenger RNA (mRNA) from treated and untreated Sakha 104 plantlets was scanned using differential display to demonstrate the arsenate resistant genes using three different arbitrary primers. About 100 different RNAs with (1500 bp -50 bp) were obtained from which seven were up-regulated genes, subjected to DNA cloning using TOPO TA system and the selected clones were sequenced. The sequence analysis described four genes out of the seven namely disease resistance protein RPM1, Epstein-Barr virus EBNA-1-like, CwfJ family protein and outer membrane lipoprotein OmlA while the other three genes were hypothetical proteins. It is concluded the four induced genes in the resistant rice cultivar considered as a direct response to arsenic soil pollution. Genes detected in the present study can be used as geno-sensors for rice grains and soil contamination with As (V). Moreover, local rice cultivars may be genetically modified with such genes to induce high resistance and to overcome arsenic soil pollution.

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Agronomic Effectivity of Hydrated Poultry Litter Ash

Ehlert

2020

Biorefinery of Inorganics

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Soil analysis procedures using 0.01 M calcium chloride as extraction reagent

Cited by 760 publications

References 19 publications

Characterization of soil heavy metal pools in paddy fields in Taiwan: chemical extraction and solid-solution partitioning

Characterization of soil heavy metal pools in paddy fields in Taiwan: chemical extraction and solid-solution partitioning

Arsenate-Resistant Genes in Egyptian Rice Cultivars as Soil Pollution Sensors

Agronomic Effectivity of Hydrated Poultry Litter Ash

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