“…Furthermore, it has been reported that E. coli cells repress nutrient consumption for biomass production and use the remaining nutrient in the environment to delay cell death [62]. Monitoring and estimation of the parameters in microbial cell cultures is feasible with information of the oxygen uptake rate (OUR), the carbon excretion rate (CER) [13] and the amount of heat transfer [63]. However, cells may change their metabolic activities under different stress conditions, resulting in changing respiratory coefficient (RQ = CO 2 −produced O 2 −consumed ).…”