“…Graham and Marvin (2001), Thrift (Thrift and French, 2002;Thrift, 2014) and Kitchin and Dodge (2011) have all made important contributions to understanding how specific combinations of hardware and software control urban infrastructure and thus the spatial organisation of cities. The emphasis in this work is on software in particular as a form of "automated management" (Kitchin and Dodge, 2011: x) which operates without human intervention to generate data and trigger automated responses, from traffic light signals to advertising mailshots (see also Dodge and Kitchin, 2009;Kitchin 2014). An extensive body of work is also emerging that explores locative technologies of many kinds and their mediation of places and landscapes (see Boulton and Zook, 2013;Brighenti, 2010;Crampton, 2013;de Souza e Silva and Frith, 2012;Kitchin et al, 2013;Leszczynski, forthcoming;Wilson, 2011Wilson, , 2014a.…”