Software economies

Bacon, David F.; Bokelberg, Eric H.; Kash, Ian A.; Parkes, David C.; Rao, Malvika; Sridharan, Manu

doi:10.1145/1882362.1882365

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Bacon et al proposed viewing software development as an economy. They present software estimation as an example, where project managers are rewarded by accurate estimations and developers benefit from quick feature delivery [34]. Following that vision, Rao et al suggested a software maintenance game where developers compete by submitting deep or shallow fixes, comparable with the fixkludge scenario we presented in Section 4 [35].…”

Section: A Survey Of Game Theory Applied To Software Engineeringmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Game-theoretic analysis of development practices: Challenges and opportunities

Gavidia-Calderon

Sarro

Harman

et al. 2020

Journal of Systems and Software

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Developers continuously invent new practices, usually grounded in hard-won experience, not theory. Game theory studies cooperation and conflict; its use will speed the development of effective processes. A survey of game theory in software engineering finds highly idealised models that are rarely based on process data. This is because software processes are hard to analyse using traditional game theory since they generate huge game models. We are the first to show how to use game abstractions, developed in artificial intelligence, to produce tractable game-theoretic models of software practices. We present Game-Theoretic Process Improvement (GTPI), built on top of empirical game-theoretic analysis. Some teams fall into the habit of preferring "quick-anddirty" code to slow-to-write, careful code, incurring technical debt. We showcase GTPI's ability to diagnose and improve such a development process. Using GTPI, we discover a lightweight intervention that incentivises developers to write careful code: add a single code reviewer who needs to catch only 25% of kludges. This 25% accuracy is key; it means that a reviewer does not need to examine each commit in depth, making this process intervention cost-effective.

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Section: A Survey Of Game Theory Applied To Software Engineeringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They address this by using mean field games, which support a large number of players. Some interesting topics covered by these authors are mechanism design [32,34,35], data-based validation [31] and game abstraction [34]. However, they studied each of these topics in isolation.…”

Section: A Survey Of Game Theory Applied To Software Engineeringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Game-theoretic analysis of development practices: Challenges and opportunities

Gavidia-Calderon

Sarro

Harman

et al. 2020

Journal of Systems and Software

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Note that these domination definitions imply that the variation of the random variable around its mean is dominated in a moment generating function sense by that of a Gaussian or Poisson random variable. 3 Such a property is satisfied by many distributions including Poisson and binomial that are used to model arrival processes for many systems, e.g., telephone networks, internet, call centers, and some freelance markets [5], [6]. It is not hard to show that sub-Gaussian distributions (standard in machine learning [36]) that are symmetric around their mean, are Gaussian-dominated.…”

Section: Algorithm 2 Greedyagent Allocationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Work capacity of freelance markets: Fundamental limits and decentralized schemes

Chatterjee

Varshney

Vishwanath

2015

2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM)

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Crowdsourcing of jobs to online freelance markets is rapidly gaining popularity. Most crowdsourcing platforms are uncontrolled and offer freedom to customers and freelancers to choose each other. This works well for unskilled jobs (e.g., image classification) with no specific quality requirement since freelancers are functionally identical. For skilled jobs (e.g., software development) with specific quality requirements, however, this does not ensure that the maximum number of job requests is satisfied. In this work we determine the capacity of freelance markets, in terms of maximum satisfied job requests, and propose centralized schemes that achieve capacity. To ensure decentralized operation and freedom of choice for customers and freelancers, we propose simple schemes compatible with the operation of current crowdsourcing platforms that approximately achieve capacity. Further, for settings where the number of job requests exceeds capacity, we propose a scheme that is agnostic of that information, but is optimal and fair in declining jobs without wait.

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“…The combined force of the trends described earlier has been the emergence of new models of work including: globally dispersed teams in firms [18], outsourcing, crowdsourcing [20], information factories [8], virtual enterprises [13], crossenterprise collaborations [17], open source, social production [5], and asset reuse [2].…”

Section: The Changing Nature Of Work and Workforcementioning

confidence: 99%

Work as a Service

Oppenheim

Varshney

Chee

2011

Service-Oriented Computing

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Improving work within and among enterprises is of pressing importance. We take a services-oriented view of both doing and coordinating work by treating work as a service. We discuss how large work engagements can be decomposed into a set of smaller interconnected service requests and conversely how larger engagements can be built up from smaller ones. Encapsulating units of work into service requests enables assignment to any organization qualified to service the work, and naturally lends itself to ongoing optimization of the overall engagement. A service request contains two distinct parts: coordination information for coordinating work and payload information for doing work. Coordination information deals with business concerns such as risk, cost, schedule, and value co-creation. On the other hand, payload information defines the deliverables and provides what is needed to do the work, such as designs or use-cases. This general two-part decomposition leads to a paradigm of work as a two-way information flow between service systems, rather than as a business process that needs to be implemented or integrated between two organizations. Treating work as information flow allows us to leverage extant understanding of information systems and facilitates information technology support for work using mainstream service-oriented architectures (SOA). Significant benefits from this approach include agility in setting up large engagements to be carried out by distributed organizations, visibility into operations without violating providers' privacy or requiring changes to internal processes, responsiveness to unpredictability and change, and ongoing optimizations over competing business objectives.

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Software economies

Cited by 9 publications

References 4 publications

Game-theoretic analysis of development practices: Challenges and opportunities

Game-theoretic analysis of development practices: Challenges and opportunities

Work capacity of freelance markets: Fundamental limits and decentralized schemes

Work as a Service

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