Software Birthmark Usability for Source Code Transformation Using Machine Learning Algorithms

Abstract

Source code transformation is a way in which source code of a program is transformed by observing any operation for generating another or nearly the same program. This is mostly performed in situations of piracy where the pirates want the ownership of the software program. Various approaches are being practiced for source code transformation and code obfuscation. Researchers tried to overcome the issue of modifying the source code and prevent it from the people who want to change the source code. Among the existing approaches, software birthmark was one of the approaches developed with the aim to detect software piracy that exists in the software. Various features are extracted from software which are collectively termed as “software birthmark.” Based on these extracted features, the piracy that exists in the software can be detected. Birthmarks are considered to insist on the source code and executable of certain programming languages. The usability of software birthmark can protect software by any modification or changes and ultimately preserve the ownership of software. The proposed study has used machine learning algorithms for classification of the usability of existing software birthmarks in terms of source code transformation. The K-nearest neighbors (K-NN) algorithm was used for classification of the software birthmarks. For cross-validation, the algorithms of decision rules, decomposition tree, and LTF-C were used. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed research.

Version-Wide Software Birthmark via Machine Learning

“…A recent survey article identifies 24 types of techniques for generating software birthmarks [39]. These techniques mainly focus on detecting software theft and piracy [16], [40]. There are also birthmarks designed for software asset management [41] or malware detection [42].…”

iOLLVM: Enhanced Version of OLLVM

“…Considering the broad applicability and objective security obtained for low cost, we focus on software-level protection. Software-level protection can be divided into protection before being damaged and forensics after being damaged, such as protecting core technologies through code obfuscation [10,11], encryption and decryption [12,13], software watermarking [7,14], or software birthmark [15,16] for effective tracking of software copyright.…”