Softening Hard Water Using High Frequency Spark Plasma Discharge

Zarei, Talie; Mirpour, Shahriar; Nikmaram, Hamed; Ghoranneviss, M.; Mirpour, Sahar; Dorranian, Davoud

doi:10.1007/s11090-016-9762-x

Cited by 6 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 17 publications

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“…Since the solubility of Fe 3+ ions is less than 2 × 10 –4 mM, some colloids of iron also exist in actual seawater; , therefore, the content of Fe 3+ ions in raw water is generally less than 2.0 mg/L. The concentration of Mg 2+ in brackish water is second only to that of Ca 2+ , which will cause fouling problems in pipes and boilers; thus, the Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ ion concentrations are key factors in water softening. For the acid-group anions, the contents of PO 4 3– and SiO 3 2– are relatively lower in raw water, which will also increase the scale production and hardness.…”

Section: Experimental Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Different Ions on Pulse Electrodeposition of CaCO₃ Scales in the Simulated Seawater

Chen,

Wang,

et al. 2024

Langmuir

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In the circulating water system of coastal power plants, various kinds of ions have a great influence on the formation and growth of CaCO 3 scales. This paper focuses on investigating the influence of existing ions on the pulse electrodeposition behaviors of CaCO 3 scales. Different concentrations of ions, such as Fe 3+ , Mg 2+ , PO 4 3− and SiO 3 2− , are introduced to simulate the actual seawater environment, and their influence on the CaCO 3 scale deposition behaviors is assessed by linear sweep voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests. The surface coverage of the CaCO 3 scale layer is evaluated through the residual current density and polarization resistance values, while the crystal structure and surface compactness of the layer are confirmed by the scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffractometer tests. Results indicate that high concentrations of Mg 2+ , Fe 3+ , and PO 4 3− ions have the most significant inhibitory effect on the pulse electrodeposition of CaCO 3 scales, among which the inhibition effect of Mg 2+ ions is mainly reflected in the change of crystal morphology of CaCO 3 , that is, the crystallization growth process is inhibited. The inhibition effect of PO 4 3− ions is mainly reflected in the gradually reduced coverage and density of CaCO 3 crystals on the electrode surface, suggesting that the crystallization nucleation process is inhibited, while Fe 3+ ions have a certain inhibition effect on both the crystallization nucleation and growth processes. Furthermore, lower concentrations of SiO 3 2− ions also display a significant inhibition effect on the crystallization nucleation and growth process, and the inhibition effect weakens with increased concentration. This study provides a theoretical basis for exploring the removal of ions in the industrial water softening field.

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Section: Experimental Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Different Ions on Pulse Electrodeposition of CaCO₃ Scales in the Simulated Seawater

Chen,

Wang,

et al. 2024

Langmuir

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show abstract

Arc and pulsed spark discharge inactivation of pathogenic P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, M. canis, T. mentagrophytes, and C. albicans microorganisms

Rasouli

Amini

Khandan

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Hydrodynamic and physicochemical phenomena in liquid droplets under the action of nanosecond spark discharges: A review

Дубинов

Kozhayeva

Lyubimtseva

et al. 2019

Advances in Colloid and Interface Science

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Softening Hard Water Using High Frequency Spark Plasma Discharge

Cited by 6 publications

References 17 publications

Influence of Different Ions on Pulse Electrodeposition of CaCO₃ Scales in the Simulated Seawater

Influence of Different Ions on Pulse Electrodeposition of CaCO₃ Scales in the Simulated Seawater

Arc and pulsed spark discharge inactivation of pathogenic P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, M. canis, T. mentagrophytes, and C. albicans microorganisms

Hydrodynamic and physicochemical phenomena in liquid droplets under the action of nanosecond spark discharges: A review

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Softening Hard Water Using High Frequency Spark Plasma Discharge

Cited by 6 publications

References 17 publications

Influence of Different Ions on Pulse Electrodeposition of CaCO3 Scales in the Simulated Seawater

Influence of Different Ions on Pulse Electrodeposition of CaCO3 Scales in the Simulated Seawater

Arc and pulsed spark discharge inactivation of pathogenic P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, M. canis, T. mentagrophytes, and C. albicans microorganisms

Hydrodynamic and physicochemical phenomena in liquid droplets under the action of nanosecond spark discharges: A review

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Product

Resources

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Influence of Different Ions on Pulse Electrodeposition of CaCO₃ Scales in the Simulated Seawater

Influence of Different Ions on Pulse Electrodeposition of CaCO₃ Scales in the Simulated Seawater