Soft Tissue Response to the Presence of Polypropylene‐G‐Poly(ethylene glycol) Comb‐Type Graft Copolymers Containing Gold Nanoparticles

Abstract

The aim of this study is to evaluate the soft tissue response of the pure and Au-embedded PPg-PEG. PP-g-PEG2000, PP-g-PEG4000, Au-PP-g-PEG2000, and AuPP-g-PEG4000 were obtained via chlorination of polypropylene and polyethylene glycol in the presence of a base with a “grafting onto” technique. Solvent cast films of these four copolymers with PP as a control group were embedded into five different rats. After 30 days of implantation, microscopic evaluation of inflammation and SEM analysis were done. PP had the most intense inflammatory reaction among the other polymers. PP-PEG block copolymers with high molecular weight and gold-nanoparticles-embedded ones revealed mild inflammatory reaction independently. SEM assessment revealed punched hole-like defects on the surface of all polymer samples except for PP. Graft copolymers with PEG, especially Au-attached ones, have favorable soft tissue response, and inflammatory reaction becomes milder as the number of PEG side chains increases.

Solution electrospinning of polypropylene-based fibers and their application in catalysis

“…PP-g-PEG amphiphilic copolymers are water swellable, elastic and biocompatible materials [25,26]. They are suitable to prepare nanocomposite containing metal nano particles or quantum dots [27].…”

A Review of Injectable and Implantable Biomaterials for Treatment and Repair of Soft Tissues in Wound Healing

“…Metal nanoparticles such as gold and silver are emerging as attractive biomaterials for targeting soft tissues [27]. Silver, gold, and copper nanoparticles, as well as titanium and zinc oxide nanoparticles, have shown potential therapeutic effects on wound healing [28].…”

“…Others showed that silver nanoparticles impregnated in guar gum alkylamine yielded a faster wound-closing rate compared to other positive controls, while histological examination revealed well-organized granulation tissue and epithelialization (Figure 2) [26]. Gold-nanoparticles-embedded biodegradable PEG polymers have been found to possess favorable soft tissue response causing less inflammation as the number of PEG side chain increases ( Figure 3) [27]. Nitric oxide nanoparticles have also demonstrated a broad spectrum of antibacterial properties against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria [30].…”

The efficacy of silver-embedded polypropylene-grafted polyethylene glycol-coated ventricular catheters on prevention of shunt catheter infection in rats

“…First of all, one should generate hydrocephalus in the tested animal [5,19] or should start the experiment with a mutant hydrocephalic animal which is hard to obtain. Also, to repeat the exact shunt replacement in an animal as in a human being, one should use a bigger canine model such as a dog or a lamb [3,14,38]. Since these animals are vulnerable and hard to obtain, the experiment cannot be designed with higher number of animals because of the ethical concerns.…”

“…However, to obtain a wider medical application, nanoparticles can be embedded, and hydrophilic groups can be introduced into this polymer to overcome its hydrophobic character via postpolymerization reactions [2,18,21,22]. We have previously investigated the soft tissue response of polypropylene-grafted polyethylene glycol (PP-g-PEG) amphiphilic graft copolymer film and its nanocomposite version containing gold nanoparticles in rats, under the skin, and found out that these polymer patches have good soft tissue response [14]. In this present study, we have modified the outer and inner surface of the catheter via covering it with PP-g-PEG polymer casts and silver nanoparticle-embedded PP-g-PEG (Ag-PP-g-PEG) casts.…”