Soft Tissue Artifact in Canine Kinematic Gait Analysis

Schwencke, Monique; Smolders, Lucas A.; Bergknut, Niklas; Gustås, Pia; Meij, Björn P.; Hazewinkel, H. A. W.

doi:10.1111/j.1532-950x.2012.01021.x

Cited by 29 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…23 Kinematic analysis lends itself to more accurate velocity measurement of anatomical locations since the location of multiple markers can be identified in every frame, 24 although as with kinematic gait analysis the reflective marker is placed over the presumed centre of mass without clipping the hair and this can induce error. 25 In conclusion, a change in the A-frame angle of incline from 40°to 30°resulted in a decrease in the PPF with less time spent within the propulsive phase. During ascent up the A-frame at a 40°incline, a higher propulsive force, combined with extended time spent in propulsion, is required to maintain forward movement and convert potential energy into forward kinetic energy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Kinetic Gait Analysis of Agility Dogs Entering the A-Frame

Appelgrein

Glyde

Hosgood

et al. 2019

Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol

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Objective The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a decrease in the A-frame angle of incline on the vertical and cranio-caudal ground reaction forces observed in a homogeneous cohort of agility dogs during entrance and contact with the A-frame. Materials and Methods A crossover study design was applied to eight large breed dogs to compare the vertical and cranio-caudal ground reaction forces entering the A-frame at three angles of incline: 40° (standard), 35° and 30°. The peak vertical force, passive impact peak, peak propulsive force, peak braking force, the time point (percentile) in the stance phase at which these events occurred and the proportion of time for limb contact spent in braking (% braking) and propulsion (% propulsion) were examined.The variables measured from three trials at each incline were evaluated for a significant effect of A-frame angle with height and velocity included as covariates. Results The peak propulsive force and the % propulsion were significantly higher at the 40° angle of incline compared with 30° (p = 0.013, p = 0.0165 respectively) and the % braking was significantly lower at the 40° angle of incline compared with 30° (p = 0.0165). There was no significant effect of A-frame angle on the vertical ground reaction forces measured. Clinical Significance Compared with 30° incline, ascent up the A-frame at a 40° incline requires a higher propulsive force and extended time in propulsion to maintain forward movement and convert potential energy into forward kinetic energy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Kinetic Gait Analysis of Agility Dogs Entering the A-Frame

Appelgrein

Glyde

Hosgood

et al. 2019

Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…We chose to use the suit to minimize soft tissue artifact, a concern with kinematic gait analysis. This artifact occurs when markers are placed on the skin to monitor the movement of underlying skeletal structures noninvasively and has been shown to affect kinematic measurements in horses, in humans, and most recently, in dogs . Also, our sample size was small and may not been enough to detect more differences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Three‐Dimensional Kinematic Gait Analysis of Doberman Pinschers with and without Cervical Spondylomyelopathy

Foss

Costa

Moore

2012

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background The optimal treatment of cervical spondylomyelopathy (CSM) is controversial, with the owner’s and clinician’s perception of gait improvement often being used as outcome measures. These methods are subjective and suffer from observer bias. Objectives To establish kinematic gait parameters utilizing digital motion capture in normal Doberman Pinschers and compare them with CSM-affected Dobermans. Animals Nineteen Doberman Pinschers; 10 clinically normal and 9 with CSM. Methods All dogs were enrolled prospectively and fitted with a Lycra® body suit, and motion capture was performed and used to reconstruct a 3-D stick diagram representation of each dog based on 32 reflective markers, from which several parameters were measured. These included stride duration, length, and height; maximal and minimal spinal angles; elbow and stifle flexion and extension; and maximum and minimum distances between the thoracic and pelvic limbs. A random-effects linear regression model was used to compare parameters between groups. Results Significant differences between groups included smaller minimum (mean = 116 mm; P = .024) and maximum (mean = 184 mm; P = .001) distance between the thoracic limbs in CSM-affected dogs. Additionally, thoracic limb stride duration was also smaller (P = .009) in CSM-affected dogs (mean = 0.7 seconds) when compared with normal dogs (mean = 0.8 seconds). In the pelvic limbs, the average stifle flexion (mean = 100°; P = .048) and extension (mean = 136°; P = .009), as well as number of strides (mean = 2.7 strides; P = .033) were different between groups. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Our findings suggest that computerized gait analysis reveals more consistent kinematic differences in the thoracic limbs, which can be used as future objective outcome measures.

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“…Algorithms have been proposed to correct for STA in horses but none exist yet for dogs. 42 We were not able to show a correlation in clinical outcome with the gait analysis parameters. Despite the fact that a correlation was not identified, all 3 dogs in which clinical improvement was noted showed corresponding changes in the kinetic and kinematic parameters.…”

mentioning

confidence: 60%

“…Soft tissue artifact is a common source of error in gait analysis of humans and horses by and is caused by movement of the skin being recorded instead of the underlying skeletal structures when using skin markers. Algorithms have been proposed to correct for STA in horses but none exist yet for dogs …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic and kinematic follow‐up gait analysis in Doberman Pinschers with cervical spondylomyelopathy treated medically and surgically

Foss

Smith

Costa

2018

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundThe efficacy of treatment of dogs with cervical spondylomyelopathy (CSM) is commonly based on the owner's and clinician's perception of the gait, which is highly subjective and suffers from observer bias.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo compare selected kinetic and kinematic parameters before and after treatments and to correlate the findings of gait analysis to clinical outcome.AnimalsEight Doberman Pinschers with CSM confirmed by magnetic resonsance imaging.MethodsPatients were prospectively studied and treated with either medical management (n = 5) or surgery (n = 3). Force plate analysis and 3‐D kinematic motion capture were performed at initial presentation and approximately 8 weeks later. Force plate parameters evaluated included peak vertical force (PVF). Kinematic parameters measured included number of pelvic limb strides, stifle flexion and extension, maximum and minimum thoracic limb distance, truncal sway, and thoracic limb stride duration.ResultsKinematic analysis showed that deviation of the spine to the right (truncal sway) was significantly smaller (P < .001) and the degree of right stifle flexion was significantly larger (P = .029) after treatment. Force plate analysis indicated that PVF was significantly different after treatment (P = .049) and the difference of the PVF also was significantly larger (P = .027). However, no correlation was found with either method of gait analysis and clinical recovery.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceKinetic and kinematic gait analysis were able to detect differences in dogs with CSM before and after treatment. A correlation of gait analysis to clinical improvement could not be determined.

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Soft Tissue Artifact in Canine Kinematic Gait Analysis

Cited by 29 publications

References 28 publications

Kinetic Gait Analysis of Agility Dogs Entering the A-Frame

Kinetic Gait Analysis of Agility Dogs Entering the A-Frame

Three‐Dimensional Kinematic Gait Analysis of Doberman Pinschers with and without Cervical Spondylomyelopathy

Kinetic and kinematic follow‐up gait analysis in Doberman Pinschers with cervical spondylomyelopathy treated medically and surgically

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