Soft-tissue 3D Facial Imaging in Children and Adolescents: Towards the Definition of New Reference Standards

Sforza, Chiarella; Dolci, Claudia; Tartaglia, Gianluca Martino; Ferrario, Virgilio F.

doi:10.4034/pboci.2018.181.ed3

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…To date, there are no reference values for healthy babies for 3D craniofacial growth and development [23]. Therefore, it is unknown how many subjects are required for reliable development of an average face at ages 3, 6, 9 and 12 months.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uniform 3D meshes to establish normative facial averages of healthy infants during the first year of life

et al. 2019

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Three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging systems are replacing direct anthropometry as the preferred method for capturing facial soft-tissues. Aims of this study were: (1) to develop normative average 3D faces of healthy infants aged 3, 6, 9, and 12 months and (2) to describe normative average 3D facial growth data in infants aged 3 to 12 months. Three-dimensional images of 50 healthy children were acquired at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of age using the 3dMDcranial system. Four average faces with uniform meshes (3, 6, 9, and 12 months) were developed and registered based on the children’s reference frames. Distance maps of growth of the total facial surface and of the nose, upper lip, chin, forehead and cheeks for the intervals 3 to 6 months, 6 to 9 months, and 9 to 12 months of age were calculated. Mean growth of the total facial surface was 3.9 mm (standard deviation [SD] 1.2 mm), 3.5 mm (SD 0.9 mm), and 1.6 mm (SD 0.7 mm) at 3 to 6 months, 6 to 9 months, and 9 to 12 months, respectively. Regarding the selected regions of the face, the mean growth of the nose and upper lip were the largest (3.7 mm and 3.6 mm, respectively) between 6 and 9 months of age. The mean growth of the forehead, cheeks and chin were the largest (5.4 mm, 3.2, and 4.7 mm, respectively) between 3 and 6 months of age. For all facial regions, growth clearly diminished from 9 to 12 months of age. Normative data on the growth of the full face, nose, upper lip, chin, forehead and cheeks are presented. Such data can be used in future studies to identify the effectiveness of treatment of orofacial deformities such as orofacial clefts during the first year of life.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uniform 3D meshes to establish normative facial averages of healthy infants during the first year of life

et al. 2019

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“…Indeed, quantitative soft-tissue facial data in the three dimensions can currently be obtained by digital, computerized anthropometry [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Current technology allows fast and non-invasive optical scans of facial surface, providing a global assessment of patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional Soft-Tissue Facial Morphometry in Caucasian Obese Adults

Sforza¹,

Bertoli

Rosati

et al. 2019

Pesqui. bras. odontopediatria clín. integr.

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Objective: To evaluate the facial morphology of Caucasian obese adults in relation to normal weight peers, and to study the association between three-dimensional soft-tissue facial measurements and cardiometabolic risk factors. Material and Methods: Nineteen Caucasian obese subjects aged 25 to 73 years underwent anthropometric measurements, blood samples and a stereophotogrammetric facial scan. Soft-tissue facial linear distances, angles, and volumes were obtained and compared to those collected on normal weight subjects by computing z-scores. Spearman correlation was used to assess the associations between facial measurements and metabolic parameters. Logistic regression analysis adjusted for sex and age was used to assess the risk of metabolic syndrome associated to the facial measurements. Results: Overall, when compared to normal weight persons, obese adults had a wider face in the horizontal dimension, with a middle face (maxilla) that was larger both in absolute value and relatively to the lower face (mandible), and a larger right side gonial angle (Wilcoxon test, p < 0.01). Only the mean (left and right) gonial angle was positively associated to serum triglycerides level, while the other facial measurements were associated with none of the cardiometabolic parameters. Moreover, none of the facial measurements was associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: Despite larger facial dimensions and altered mandible/maxilla volume ratio, three-dimensional soft-tissue facial morphometry in Caucasian obese adults is not related to cardiometabolic risk factors. The actual association between morphological facial characteristics and clinical information on the health conditions of patients is still to be investigated.

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A semi-automatic three-dimensional technique using a regionalized facial template enables facial growth assessment in healthy children from 1.5 to 5.0 years of age

Bruggink

Baan

Brons

et al. 2022

PeerJ

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Objectives To develop a semi-automatic technique to evaluate normative facial growth in healthy children between the age of 1.5 and 5.0 years using three-dimensional stereophotogrammetric images. Materials and Methods Three-dimensional facial images of healthy children at 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 years of age were collected and positioned based on a reference frame. A general face template was used to extract the face and its separate regions from the full stereophotogrammetric image. Furthermore, this template was used to create a uniform distributed mesh, which could be directly compared to other meshes. Average faces were created for each age group and mean growth was determined between consecutive groups for the full face and its separate regions. Finally, the results were tested for intra- and inter-operator performance. Results The highest growth velocity was present in the first period between 1.5 and 2.0 years of age with an average of 1.50 mm (±0.54 mm) per six months. After 2.0 years, facial growth velocity declined to only a third at the age of 5.0 years. Intra- and inter-operator variability was small and not significant. Conclusions The results show that this technique can be used for objective clinical evaluation of facial growth. Example normative facial averages and the corresponding facial growth between the age 1.5 and 5.0 years are shown. Clinical Relevance This technique can be used to collect and process facial data for objective clinical evaluation of facial growth in the individual patient. Furthermore, these data can be used as normative data in future comparative studies.

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Soft-tissue 3D Facial Imaging in Children and Adolescents: Towards the Definition of New Reference Standards

Cited by 3 publications

References 31 publications

Uniform 3D meshes to establish normative facial averages of healthy infants during the first year of life

Uniform 3D meshes to establish normative facial averages of healthy infants during the first year of life

Three-Dimensional Soft-Tissue Facial Morphometry in Caucasian Obese Adults

A semi-automatic three-dimensional technique using a regionalized facial template enables facial growth assessment in healthy children from 1.5 to 5.0 years of age

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