Soft-sediment deformation structures as a tool to recognize synsedimentary tectonic activity in the middle member of the Bakken Formation, Williston Basin, North Dakota

Soft‐sediment deformation structures in the Late Messinian Abu Madi Formation, onshore Nile Delta, Egypt: Triggers and tectonostratigraphic implications

“…We believe that slumps could represent the subaerial MTD that occur as a consequence of plastic deformations, collapse, and destabilization of the canyon walls (Leila & Moscariello, 2019), however, some small‐scale slumps associated with liquified beds point to the interplay of both autogenic and allogenic triggers in the development of these SSDS. This is further supported by the association of load structures with floating brecciated clasts embedded in hydroplastically deformed host sediments reflecting possible genesis due to fluidization and intrusion of the unconsolidated sediments causing breaking down of the indurated rocks into brecciated lithoclasts (Montenat et al, 2007; Novak & Egenhoff, 2019). Some brecciated lithoclasts containing preserved heterolithic laminations comparable to those observed in the host sediments reveals intrastratal deformation due to post‐depositional allogenic trigger (e.g., Novak & Egenhoff, 2019).…”

“…Therefore, such association of complex structures within a single layer precludes their genesis by compaction. Furthermore, some compressional features (e.g., folds and thrust faults) lacking preferred orientation, and coexisting with extensional features (boudinage and normal faults) confirm the impact of chaotic shear stresses rather than compaction (e.g., Alsop & Marco, 2011; Novak & Egenhoff, 2019; Törő & Pratt, 2016). Such hybrid association of deformation structures is interpreted to have been developed by the occurrence of liquefaction (e.g., Kahle, 2002; Montenat, Barrier, Ott d'Estevou, & Hibsch, 2007; Moretti & Sabato, 2007; Plaziat, Purser, & Philobos, 1990; Törő & Pratt, 2016).…”

“…Instead, complex structures comprise both brittle and plastic deformation features where complex folding, normal, and thrust faults coexist over a short stratigraphic thickness (Figure 5a). The association of brittle and ductile features within the same depositional setting at the same site infers the occurrence of complex, different stress settings resulting in a variety of deformation styles (e.g., El Taki & Pratt, 2012; Grimm & Orange, 1997; Novak & Egenhoff, 2019). Microfaults associated with differential compaction would be normal rather than a combination of normal, reverse faults and fold‐related folds.…”

“…features within the same depositional setting at the same site infers the occurrence of complex, different stress settings resulting in a variety of deformation styles (e.g., El Taki &Pratt, 2012;Grimm & Orange, 1997;Novak & Egenhoff, 2019). Microfaults associated with differential compaction would be normal rather than a combination of normal, reverse faults and fold-related folds.…”

Tectonic signatures in the Triassic sediments of the Betic External Zone (southern Spain) as possible evidence of rifting related to the Pangaea breakup

“…The presence of so-called soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS) has been one of the most used criterions to reflect synsedimentary tectonic activity [e.g. Gao et al, 2020, Novak and Egenhoff, 2019, Rychli ński and Jaglarz, 2016 and has been widely used under the genetic term of seismite [e.g. Gibert et al, 2011, Montenant et al, 2007.…”