Soft‐sediment deformation (fluid escape) features in a coarse‐grained pyroclastic‐surge deposit, north‐central New Mexico

Nocita, Bruce W.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1988.tb00949.x

Cited by 26 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Phoenix (1958) concluded that sandstone cylinders in the Carmel Formation in north‐central Arizona were created by infilling of cylindrical cavities that formed as spring pits where hydrostatic pressure had been locally relieved. Palaeosprings have been used in several theories to account for the hydrostatic pressure required to fluidize sand (Gabelman, 1955; Allen, 1961; Schlee, 1963; Megrue & Kerr, 1965; Davidson, 1967; Moench & Schlee, 1967; Lowe, 1975; Neumann‐Mahlkau, 1976; Hannum, 1980; Nocita, 1988; Decker, 1990; Collinson, 1994).…”

Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seismogenically induced fluidization of Jurassic erg sands, south‐central Utah

Netoff¹

2002

Sedimentology

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Large bodies of fluidized sandstone occur in the Jurassic Entrada, Carmel, Page and Navajo Formations at several locations in south‐central Utah. They are most abundant in the Entrada Sandstone, where they commonly occur in clusters, have a cylindrical form and have a sharp contact with their cross‐bedded host rock. These clastic pipes are as wide as 75 m and have exposed heights of as much as 100 m. Some of the Entrada pipes extend well into the underlying Carmel redbeds. Other clastic pipes in the Entrada Sandstone are less deformed and display various degrees of brittle‐to‐hydroplastic deformation and liquefaction. Clastic pipes in the Page and Navajo Sandstones are less common, but are similar in size and form to those in the Entrada and Carmel, and probably have a similar origin. Some massive sandstone bodies are irregular in form and have tongue‐like projections into the host rock, implying forcible injection of fluidized sand. Several pipe–host contacts in the Entrada Sandstone display small‐scale ring faults. Where relative displacement can be clearly demonstrated, pipe sandstones are invariably down‐faulted, locally as much as 5 m. At two sites, Carmel host rock is upwarped around the Entrada pipes. Stratified and cross‐bedded breccia blocks occur in many Entrada pipes, and preliminary petrographic analysis indicates that at least some of these breccia blocks are derived from the host rock. Homogeneous pipe sandstones are also petrographically similar to their Entrada host rock, suggesting that some pipes originate through fluidization of the fine‐grained Entrada. Fluidization of the Entrada must have occurred in a water‐saturated environment during early diagenesis but before complete lithification, most probably under considerable porewater pressure. Although there are no known modern analogues to these huge masses of structureless sandstone, they may have a small‐scale modern counterpart in earthquake‐induced sandblows. These features were most probably caused by large‐magnitude seismic events during the Middle Jurassic, although other possibilities cannot be ruled out at this point.

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Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seismogenically induced fluidization of Jurassic erg sands, south‐central Utah

Netoff¹

2002

Sedimentology

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“…If the disturbed beds had been slightly more destabilized and permitted entrainment, the same configuration would be observed. Such impact SSDs would explain the oversteepened truncations and be at the origin of some of the "chute and pool" structures (see also Nocita, 1988). This would also explain the observation by Schmincke et al (1973) that "chute and pool" structures occur in rather proximal parts, since ballistic blocks are likely to land closer to the crater than the total distance traveled by a PDC.…”

Section: A Trigger For "Chute and Pool" Structures?mentioning

confidence: 86%

“…4h) may have been oversteepened by the rearrangement of the underlying sediment. Such a process was readily suggested by Nocita (1988), although the sediments of their study were later reinterpreted as fluvial rather than from PDCs (McPherson et al, 1989), without changing the accuracy of the process. The coarse lag breccia on top of the central depression may either indicate that the impacting block stayed in place and acted upon the depositional dynamics, resuspended fines during impact, or be a simple infill of the topography.…”

Section: Impact Recordsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…"Flame-like" structures are often reported (McDonough et al, 1984;Valentine et al, 1989;Brand and White, 2007;Brand and Clarke, 2009) and when interpreted as sheared structures, can serve to reconstruct paleo-flow directions (Giannetti and Luongo, 1994;Brown et al, 2008). Fluid escape SSD (dikes, pipes, plumes, pillars) can occur by escape of water accompanying phreatomagmatic eruptions (Nocita, 1988, -later reinterpreted as water-escape in fluvial deposits by McPherson et al (1989)), degassing of fresh pyroclasts (Gernon et al, 2008(Gernon et al, , 2009, burning underlying vegetation, or be due to thermal expansion (Branney and Kokelaar, 2002, p. 61-66, and references therein). Interestingly, the high deposition rates combined with possible fluidized state of the flow can trap gases in the deposits that subsequently escape as degassing pipes within seconds after deposition (Komorowski et al, 2013).…”

Section: Pdcs and Their Possible Ssd Triggersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Syn-eruptive, soft-sediment deformation of deposits from dilute pyroclastic density current: triggers from granular shear, dynamic pore pressure, ballistic impacts and shock waves

Douillet¹,

Taisne

Tsang-Hin-Sun

et al. 2015

Solid Earth

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“…Smith & Katzman () noted the ease of incorrectly identifying aeolian tuffs as surge deposits in proximal settings. Nocita () inadvertently described soft‐sediment deformation in the Puye fan, New Mexico, as affecting pyroclastic surge deposits, but later retracted his interpretation in reply to a comment by McPherson et al . () that demonstrated a fluvial origin for those deposits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpreting ambiguous bedforms to distinguish subaerial base surge from subaqueous density current deposits

Moorhouse

White

2016

The Depositional Record

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Bedform geometries of volcanogenic sedimentary structures such as dune, lowto high-angle cross-stratification and planar stratification produced in subaqueous and subaerial environments can be very similar. This has historically created difficulties in unambiguously distinguishing primary from reworked deposits, and gas-deposited versus water-deposited ones. The origins of dunes and associated structures within the pyroclastic deposits of basaltic Surtseyanstyle eruptions exposed in seacliffs along the Cape Wanbrow coastline of the Northeast Otago region in the South Island of New Zealand are such an example. Careful analysis of contextual information of these deposits, including granulometry, dune geometry, grading, sorting and particle hydraulic equivalence, has been completed to distinguish between major flow types in different environments. To determine the depositional setting of the Cape Wanbrow dunebearing deposits, a number of related sediments have been examined in more detail including well-described examples of (i) subaerial dry pyroclastic deposits, (ii) subaerial moist pyroclastic deposits, (iii) aeolian deposits, (iv) deposits of unidirectional fluid-gravity water flows (e.g. rivers) and cyclic tidal flows, and (v) aqueous sediment-gravity flow deposits encompassing both pyroclastic material and those with non-pyroclastic material. From this compendium, a framework has been created that allows users to compare the physical controls that shape each example with the factors controlling bedform deposition in that environment. Identifying key characteristics of the Cape Wanbrow dunes and comparing multiple flow types and environments using the designed framework indicates that they were deposited by subaerial dry pyroclastic density currents. This conclusion has wider implications for the entire Surtseyan stack at Cape Wanbrow, because it indicates that at least this volcano (Rua 2 ) became emergent and fully subaerial during its lifespan.

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Soft‐sediment deformation (fluid escape) features in a coarse‐grained pyroclastic‐surge deposit, north‐central New Mexico

Cited by 26 publications

References 15 publications

Seismogenically induced fluidization of Jurassic erg sands, south‐central Utah

Seismogenically induced fluidization of Jurassic erg sands, south‐central Utah

Syn-eruptive, soft-sediment deformation of deposits from dilute pyroclastic density current: triggers from granular shear, dynamic pore pressure, ballistic impacts and shock waves

Interpreting ambiguous bedforms to distinguish subaerial base surge from subaqueous density current deposits

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