“…"Flame-like" structures are often reported (McDonough et al, 1984;Valentine et al, 1989;Brand and White, 2007;Brand and Clarke, 2009) and when interpreted as sheared structures, can serve to reconstruct paleo-flow directions (Giannetti and Luongo, 1994;Brown et al, 2008). Fluid escape SSD (dikes, pipes, plumes, pillars) can occur by escape of water accompanying phreatomagmatic eruptions (Nocita, 1988, -later reinterpreted as water-escape in fluvial deposits by McPherson et al (1989)), degassing of fresh pyroclasts (Gernon et al, 2008(Gernon et al, , 2009, burning underlying vegetation, or be due to thermal expansion (Branney and Kokelaar, 2002, p. 61-66, and references therein). Interestingly, the high deposition rates combined with possible fluidized state of the flow can trap gases in the deposits that subsequently escape as degassing pipes within seconds after deposition (Komorowski et al, 2013).…”