“…Proteins and peptides have been deposited on metal surfaces of various orientations, such as the (100), (110) and (111) surfaces of Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, etc. [44][45][46][47], on inorganic (oxide) surfaces [29,30] such as SiO 2 [44,48], TiO 2 [49], etc., on self-assembled monolayers [50,51], membranes [52], semiconductors such as Si [53], graphite [44] and graphene [54], just to name a few. These investigations have been performed both in vacuum and in solution [55].…”