“…Hot film anemometers, usually installed on-board to measure the air mass flow at the intake [10,11,12], show a non-linear time response [13,14,15] that varies in the range of 30-50 ms, and are subjected to severe ageing due to the accumulation of dust on the sensing element, which causes a bias that can reach 20% of the measured value [16,17,18]. In addition, they are usually placed at the beginning of the intake line, far away from the cylinder port, thus limiting any cycle-to-cycle mass flow determination and being significantly affected by intake system filling dynamics.…”