Soft and flexible gold microelectrodes by supersonic cluster beam deposition and femtosecond laser processing

Dotan, Tali; Berg, Yuval; Migliorini, Lorenzo; Villa, Sara; Santaniello, Tommaso; Milani, P.; Shacham‐Diamand, Yosi

doi:10.1016/j.mee.2020.111478

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The beam is then directed onto the desired substrate under a controlled environment, thus producing films of pure material with a very good control on the stoichiometry and nanoscale morphology. So far, SCBD has been used to fabricate TiO 2 electrodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting 46 or Au electrodes for biosensors, 47 but it has never been used neither to synthesize any NiFe electrode nor to investigate the electrode morphology and thickness influence on OER. Here, we exploit SCBD for the first time to synthesize novel OER electrodes, composed of porous nanoalloyed NiFe thin films, to unveil the morphological, chemical, and catalytic features as a function of electrode thickness/mass loading.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Electrode Thickness in NiFe Nanogranular Films for Oxygen Evolution Reaction

et al. 2022

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Nanostructured materials may provide a route to overcome the electrode-limiting performance in water splitting, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), within the framework of low-cost catalysts search. However, for alloyed NiFe nanostructures, the relationship among the OER efficiency and the electrode physical characteristics (morphology, porosity, size, thickness, or mass loading) is largely unknown. This work introduces a new type of alloyed NiFe (90/10% at) nanogranular electrodes obtained by supersonic cluster beam deposition and investigates the dependence of their catalytic activity toward the OER on the film morphological and stoichiometric properties. The synthesized alloyed NiFe nanoparticles with 0.3–3.8 nm size assemble from the gas phase to form ultrathin film electrodes with thickness in the 15–88 nm range, corresponding to 5–30 μg/cm2 mass loading. The fitting of the optical spectroscopic data by an effective medium approximation model suggests that, independent of the thickness, the films have a 20% porosity and are completely hydroxydated. The resulting catalytic efficiency is independent on the film thickness, while the turnover frequency decreases with increasing electrode loading. These data suggest that an excess of catalyst mass with respect to the OER active sites is deposited in the case of thicker electrodes and sets the 15 nm film as an upper loading limit to maximize the electrocatalyst efficiency. This study represents a crucial step toward thickness optimization of NiFe electrodes to fabricate low-cost OER catalysts.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Electrode Thickness in NiFe Nanogranular Films for Oxygen Evolution Reaction

et al. 2022

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“…[59][60][61][62] The use of solid precursors, sputtered in vacuum, avoids the use of any solvent, moreover the high collimation of the supersonic cluster beam is suitable for stencil mask-assisted micropatterning, allowing a fine control on the thickness and the roughness of the deposited nanostructured films [63] together with a robust adhesion and resiliency to mechanical deformation. [64,65] SCBD is a room-temperature technique that allows the use of thermolabile and/or easily degradable materials and substrates with no pre-or post-treatments. [66][67][68][69][70][71][72] Here we report about a fully natural-derived, flexible, and ultra-thin micro-supercapacitor able to operate above 1.5 V and obtained with an all-printed fabrication process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

All‐Printed Green Micro‐Supercapacitors Based on a Natural‐derived Ionic Liquid for Flexible Transient Electronics

Migliorini

Piazzoni

Põhako‐Esko

et al. 2021

Adv Funct Materials

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The fabrication and characterization of green, flexible, and ultra-thin supercapacitors that are able to operate above 1.5 V is reported, using an all-printed fabrication process. The devices are produced by aqueous spray casting of a natural-derived electrolyte ionogel composed by 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose and by the ionic liquid choline lactate, while the electrodes are composed of highly porous nanostructured carbon films deposited by supersonic cluster beam deposition (SCBD). The obtained supercapacitors (device thickness < 10 μm) are stable to bending and they possess power values up to 120 kW kg -1 . The combination of aqueous spray casting and SCBD constitutes a versatile, scalable, and eco-friendly fabrication process able to directly print interconnected elements suitable for transient electronic systems.

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“…Neutral clusters can penetrate the polymer surface, forming a thin nanocomposite layer characterized by a three-dimensional electric percolating network. , The deposition process takes place at room temperature; it is solvent-free, and no pre- or postdeposition treatments of the polymer surface are needed. Many examples can be found in the literature where SCBD has been employed to fabricate conductive paths and electrodes on the surface of soft polymeric materials. ,− …”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Super-Stretchable Resistive Strain Sensor Based on Ecoflex–Gold Nanocomposites

Migliorini

Santaniello

Falqui

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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Superstretchable resistive strain sensors can reversibly undergo severe deformations in response to different mechanical stimuli, leading to a variation in their ohmic resistance. They are finding an increasing number of applications in wearable electronics, biomedical devices, and soft robotics. The development of fabrication process of reliable, highly sensitive, and biocompatible superstretchable strain sensors remains a challenge, especially in view of their integration with medical devices. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of a high-strain resistive sensor based on Ecoflex elastomeric films and conductive Au clusters, obtained by supersonic cluster beam deposition. An extensive characterization of the electromechanical behavior of the sensor shows stable operation up to 4500 working cycles, with a maximum strain of 500% and a gauge factor of 124. Different mechanical stimuli, such as elongation and indentation, can be detected, and the easy coupling of the sensor with an inflatable balloon-type urinary catheter is demonstrated. Aiming at shedding light on the observed electromechanical mechanisms, the nanostructured morphology of the metal–polymer hybrid layer was investigated by low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy.

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Soft and flexible gold microelectrodes by supersonic cluster beam deposition and femtosecond laser processing

Cited by 11 publications

References 34 publications

Role of Electrode Thickness in NiFe Nanogranular Films for Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Role of Electrode Thickness in NiFe Nanogranular Films for Oxygen Evolution Reaction

All‐Printed Green Micro‐Supercapacitors Based on a Natural‐derived Ionic Liquid for Flexible Transient Electronics

Super-Stretchable Resistive Strain Sensor Based on Ecoflex–Gold Nanocomposites

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