Sodom Apple (Solanum Incanum) Plant Material: A Greener Approach for Goat Skin Tanning Process

Abstract

The use of natural materials that is eco-friendly on leather as vegetable tannins has become a matter of significant importance, as a result of increased environmental awareness to prevent some hazardous synthetic tannin. Therefore, this study investigated that the potential of the extracted tannin from Sodom apple (Solanum Incanum) fruit for its effectiveness as vegetable tanning agent on goatskins. It was extracted with distilled water, methanol, petroleum ether and ethanol by using Soxhlet extraction method. Although the amount of material extracted was significant in all extracting solvents, water was a more efficient solvent (extraction yield of 16.71%) than the others. The qualitative analysis and structural characterization of the extracts were done using thin layer chromatography (TLC), Ultraviolet (UV) spectrometer and Fourier Transformer Infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer. The analysis confirmed that the presence of condensed tannins in the extract, which usually used for the application of tanning process in leather manufacturing industry. On other hand, the Quantitative Analysis of Sodom apple fruit extract was conducted by evaluating its moisture content (7.59%), total soluble solids (21.45%), tannin content (12.13%) and non-tannin contents (9.32%). The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was carried out to study the effect of the tannin system on the structural and morphological characteristics of the tanned leathers. Similarly, the organoleptic and strength properties of the tanned leathers were evaluated in comparison with the control ones. Finally, the pollution loads of tanning liquors in Sodom apple tanning significantly reduced as compared with the control (mimosa). Thus, the results in this study showed that the manufacture of leather based on Sodom apple fruit extract found to be a cleaner alterative and promising pathway for tanning goatskins.

Extracción y aplicación de taninos de la almendra de mango (Mangifera indica) como curtiente para la piel ovina Santa Inés (Ovis aries)

“…The qualitative results of these investigations demonstrated the applicability of these plant material for use in leather tanning (28). In addition, according to the authors, for the tanning process to be effective, a pH range of 4 to 6 is necessary, which agrees with the present study (33). It should be noted that the temperature of the tannin extraction method in this research was 60°C in order to guarantee a higher extraction yield in the process and to avoid the degradation of the phenolic compounds that are important.…”

Inhibition potential of extract of leaves of Sodom apple in the corrosion of mild steel in 1.0 M H₂SO₄

“…The result compares well with FTIR absorptions observed in the spectrum of tannins extracted from Sodom apple. 14 The band at 3268 cm -1 was assigned to phenolic O-H stretching whereas the peak at 2933 cm -1 was assigned to the C-H functional group in alkanes. Other assigned peaks were aromatic (C=C) stretching at 1630 cm -1 , nitro (N-O) group stretch observed at 1513 cm -1 , and bands observed at 1402 to 1036 cm -1 indicating the presence of asymmetric stretch of ester (C-O).…”

Vegetable Tannins as Chrome-Free Leather Tanning

“…Te test samples were prepared as per the International Union of Leather Technologists and Chemists Societies (IULTCS) method. Te samples were conditioned under the standard temperature 20 ± 2 °C and relative humidity 65 ± 2% for two days [42]. Elongation at break and tensile strength of tanned leather samples were measured according to IULTCS/IUP 6 in agreement with ISO 3376 : 2011.…”

“…Probably, Cassia singueana extract is rich enough with phenolic hydroxyl ( − OH) functional groups. Phenolic hydroxyl ( − OH) groups further create bond interaction and crosslinking with cationic amine (NH 3 + ) groups of the leather collagen protein to form hydrogen bond and polyfunctional crosslinkings [42]. Te mechanism tannin contains phenolic hydroxyl groups which can interact/crosslink with cationic amino groups of collagen protein by polyfunctional crosslinking to form hydrogen bonds [52,53] to form nonputrescible and hydrothermally stable product called leather [54] (Figure 8).…”