Sodium storage with high plateau capacity in nitrogen doped carbon derived from melamine–terephthalaldehyde polymers

Ilic, Ivan K.; Schutjajew, Konstantin; Zhang, Wuyong; Oschatz, Martin

doi:10.1039/d0ta10960f

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…On observing the capacity contribution from the cathode and the anode of equal masses, the capacity that the anode can offer is higher than that of the cathode, which leaves a part of the anode capacity underutilized at this current density, wherein the device capacity is cathode limited, and therefore the anode is operated safely in this potential range (2–0.001 V). When the current density of the full cell is increased to 2 A g t –1 (Figure B), the anode potential is found to drop slightly below 0 V. Such a process of discharging the anode below 0 V increases the chance of metal plating at the anode. , In Figure , the anode plating region (below 0 V represented by a dashed green line) is marked in red. The situation worsens at higher current densities.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…When the current density of the full cell is increased to 2 A g t −1 (Figure 4B), the anode potential is found to drop slightly below 0 V. Such a process of discharging the anode below 0 V increases the chance of metal plating at the anode. 37,38 In Figure 4, the anode plating region (below 0 V represented by a dashed green line) is marked in red. The situation worsens at higher current densities.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mass Balancing of Hybrid Ion Capacitor Electrodes: A Simple and Generalized Semiempirical Approach

Surendran

Lal

Shaijumon

2021

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Hybrid ion capacitors (HICs) are emerging as promising energy-storage devices exhibiting the advantages of both batteries and supercapacitors. However, the difference in the electrodes' specific capacities and rate capabilities makes it extremely challenging to achieve optimum mass balancing for a full-cell HIC device. Here, we demonstrate a method to predict well-performing mass ratios of electrodes for a Na-HIC by analyzing the capacities of anodes and cathodes as a function of the actual current densities experienced by the individual electrodes. We employ a simple design tool, a "Ragone Plot Simulator", to predict specific energy and specific power on Ragone plots and study the performance trend of devices with varying electrode mass ratios. The validation of the proposed method is done based on the experimental data obtained from several hybrid ion capacitor devices reported in the literature, which closely matches with the simulated Ragone plots. Further, we exemplify the validity of our calculations by comparing the simulated Ragone plot with that of a Na-HIC fabricated using in-house-made carbon. This unique approach presents a simple, generalized, yet never reported, method, which could be employed as a design tool to guide the selection of optimized HIC devices for the intended applications.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass Balancing of Hybrid Ion Capacitor Electrodes: A Simple and Generalized Semiempirical Approach

Surendran

Lal

Shaijumon

2021

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…As is well known, it is dangerous to store sodium ions at low potential because of the fatal Na metal plating. In fact, for many conventional carbon anodes, , capacity contribution ratios at a low voltage near the Na metal plating potential are very high. The whole specific capacity and contribution from the low-voltage region of PCF electrodes at different current densities are listed in Figure e, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineering Stress-Release Structures Based on Biological Swelling in Carbon Fibers for Stable Sodium Ion Storage

Chen

Zhao

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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Benefiting from the high abundance and uniform distribution of sodium, sodium ion batteries hold great potential as an alternative to lithium ion batteries. However, developing stable commercialized carbon anodes remains a challenge due to the high accumulated stress associated with the drastic volume change during sodium ion insertion/extraction. Based on the finite element simulations, the von Mises stress distributions reveal the critical role of the radial porosity in stress accumulation and strain relaxation. Herein, radial porous carbon fibers (PCFs) are synthesized using a green and facile strategy based on biological swelling and dynamic graphitization. According to the finite element simulation results, PCF anodes display excellent stability for long-term cycling at a high current density. Owing to the super charge transportation and sodium ion diffusion dynamics (9.2 × 10–13 cm2 s–1), PCF anodes deliver a high reversible capacity of 213 mA h g–1 after 1000 cycles at 0.5 A g–1. This work provides an insight to improve the electrochemical performance of micron-sized carbon anode materials for storing alkali metal ions with a large ionic radius.

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“…All the synthetic pathways that have been illuminated yet strived for application as electrode materials in supercapacitors. In contrast, Schiff-base derived carbon materials were also intensely studied for other applications such as different batteries (lithium-ion, [127] lithium-sulfur, [128] sodiumion, [129] zinc-air [130] ) as well as capacitive deionization, [131] a deionization technology that relies on comparable requirements as supercapacitors, and even electrocatalysis, such as oxygen reduction reaction. [132] A salt-templating strategy has been pursued by Lu et al [127] They synthesized a series of porous carbon nanosheet materials (Figure 12) using melamine and terephthalaldehyde as carbon precursors in molten salt medium (LiCl-KCl).…”

Section:  Schiff-base Polymers As Precursors For Carbon Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schiff‐bases for sustainable battery and supercapacitor electrodes

2021

Self Cite

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The quest for more efficient ways to store electrical energy prompted the development of different storage devices over the last decades. This includes but is not limited to different battery concepts and supercapacitors. However, modern batteries rely on electrochemical principles that often involve transition metals which can for instance suffer from toxicity or limited availability. More sustainable alternatives are needed. This sparked the search for organic electrode materials. Nevertheless, compared to their inorganic counterparts, organic electrode materials remain less intensely investigated. Besides the often more complicated electrochemical principles, one likely reason for that are the complex synthetic skills required to develop novel organic materials. Here we review materials synthesized by an old and comparably simple reaction from the field of organic chemistry, namely Schiff‐base formation. This reaction can often yield materials under relatively mild conditions, making them especially interesting for the formation of sustainable electrodes. The main weakness of Schiff‐base materials, susceptibility to hydrolysis, is of limited concern in most of the battery systems as they mostly anyways require water‐free conditions. This review gives an overview of some selected nanomaterials obtained from Schiff‐base formation as well as their carbonized derivatives which are of interest for energy storage. Firstly, the general chemistry of Schiff‐bases is introduced, followed by an in‐depth survey of the most important breakthroughs in the formation of organic battery electrodes that involve materials based on Schiff‐base reaction. Lastly, an outlook considering the main hurdles as well as future perspectives of this research area is given.

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Sodium storage with high plateau capacity in nitrogen doped carbon derived from melamine–terephthalaldehyde polymers

Abstract: Sodium, one of the most widespread metal in the earth’s crust, can be mined virtually everywhere and holds great promise as electroactive material in sodium-ion batteries to compete with commercial...

Cited by 9 publications

References 54 publications

Mass Balancing of Hybrid Ion Capacitor Electrodes: A Simple and Generalized Semiempirical Approach

Mass Balancing of Hybrid Ion Capacitor Electrodes: A Simple and Generalized Semiempirical Approach

Engineering Stress-Release Structures Based on Biological Swelling in Carbon Fibers for Stable Sodium Ion Storage

Schiff‐bases for sustainable battery and supercapacitor electrodes

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