Sodium, Potassium and Calcium Contents of Crevicular Exudate: Their Relations to Gingivitis and Periodontitis

Bang, J.; Cimasoni, G.; Rosenbusch, Charles; Duckert, A

doi:10.1902/jop.1973.44.12.770

Cited by 29 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Potassium is the most abundant monovalent ion inside the cells. However, in healthy periodontal tissues potassium is present at low concentrations in the gingival crevicular fluid in contact with the oral biofilm [12–14]. A positive and statistically significant correlation has been found between the concentration of potassium in crevicular fluid and mean pocket depths [12], probably due to cell lysis of host cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in healthy periodontal tissues potassium is present at low concentrations in the gingival crevicular fluid in contact with the oral biofilm [12–14]. A positive and statistically significant correlation has been found between the concentration of potassium in crevicular fluid and mean pocket depths [12], probably due to cell lysis of host cells. Here we performed a series of experiments to test the effects of potassium on plaque community gene expression, virulence, and inflammation and showed that levels of potassium ion act as an important environmental signal for microbial dysbiosis and epithelial response to the microbial challenge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potassium is a key signal in host-microbiome dysbiosis in periodontitis

Yost¹,

Duran-Pinedo

Krishnan³

et al. 2017

PLoS Pathog

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Dysbiosis, or the imbalance in the structural and/or functional properties of the microbiome, is at the origin of important infectious inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and periodontal disease. Periodontitis is a polymicrobial inflammatory disease that affects a large proportion of the world's population and has been associated with a wide variety of systemic health conditions, such as diabetes, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Dysbiosis has been identified as a key element in the development of the disease. However, the precise mechanisms and environmental signals that lead to the initiation of dysbiosis in the human microbiome are largely unknown. In a series of previous in vivo studies using metatranscriptomic analysis of periodontitis and its progression we identified several functional signatures that were highly associated with the disease. Among them, potassium ion transport appeared to be key in the process of pathogenesis. To confirm its importance we performed a series of in vitro experiments, in which we demonstrated that potassium levels a increased the virulence of the oral community as a whole and at the same time altering the immune response of gingival epithelium, increasing the production of TNF-α and reducing the expression of IL-6 and the antimicrobial peptide human β-defensin 3 (hBD-3). These results indicate that levels of potassium in the periodontal pocket could be an important element in of dysbiosis in the oral microbiome. They are a starting point for the identification of key environmental signals that modify the behavior of the oral microbiome from a symbiotic community to a dysbiotic one.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potassium is a key signal in host-microbiome dysbiosis in periodontitis

Yost¹,

Duran-Pinedo

Krishnan³

et al. 2017

PLoS Pathog

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In patients suffering from severe periodontitis, the gingival fluid K + concentration has been reported to be high (Bang et al, 1973). This has been suggested to be due to higher numbers of degenerating epithelial cells, connective tissue, and blood cells liberating their intracellular contents, and hence contributing to increasing the K + concentration of the exudates (Bang et al, 1973).…”

Section: (I) Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potassium Channel-blockers as Therapeutic Agents to Interfere with Bone Resorption of Periodontal Disease

2005

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AICD, activation-induced cell death; APC, antigen-presenting cells; B(K), large conductance; CRAC, calcium release-activated calcium channels; DC, dendritic cell; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; IFN-gamma, interferon-gamma; IP(3), inositol (1,4,5)-triphosphate; (K)ir, inward rectifier; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; I(K), intermediate conductance; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; L, ligand; MCSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T-cells; RANK, receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB; T(CM), central memory T-cells; T(EM), effector memory T-cells; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; OPG, osteoprotegerin; Omp29, 29-kDa outer membrane protein; PKC, protein kinase C; PLC, phospholipase C; RT-PCR, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain-reaction; S(K), small conductance; TCR, T-cell receptor; and (K)v, voltage-gated.

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“…This would be consistent with the fact that the primary ecological niche of A. actinomycetemcomitans is a K + -rich environment such as dental plaque (61n5p13n5 mM) and gingival fluid (17n4p9n0 mM) (Tatevossian & Gould, 1976). Interestingly, it was reported that in patients suffering a more severe periodontitis, the gingival fluid Na + concentrations tended to be lower, and those for K + to be significantly higher (Bang et al, 1973). As discussed by Bang et al (1973), in more severe cases of periodontitis the higher number of degenerating epithelial, connective tissue and blood cells contributes to increasing the K + concentration of the exudates by the liberation of their intracellular content.…”

Section: Satisfactory Explanationsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Interestingly, it was reported that in patients suffering a more severe periodontitis, the gingival fluid Na + concentrations tended to be lower, and those for K + to be significantly higher (Bang et al, 1973). As discussed by Bang et al (1973), in more severe cases of periodontitis the higher number of degenerating epithelial, connective tissue and blood cells contributes to increasing the K + concentration of the exudates by the liberation of their intracellular content. Hence, it may be speculated that both moderate levels of oxygen tension and increased K + contents prevail in periodontal lesion sites and these constitute conditions favourable for the growth of A. actinomycetemcomitans.…”

Section: Satisfactory Explanationsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Energy metabolism of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans during anaerobic and microaerobic growth in low- and high-potassium continuous culture

2001

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Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, a member of the gamma subclass of the Proteobacteria, has been implicated as the agent responsible for human periodontitis. In this study, A. actinomycetemcomitans 301-b was grown in fructose-limited chemostat cultures under anaerobic [redox potential (E h )TN400 mV] and microaerobic (E h lN200 mV) conditions to characterize its energy metabolism. Effects of K M and Na M on growth and metabolism were also examined. In a control medium containing 52 mM K M and 24 mM Na M , the molar growth yield on fructose (Y fructose ) of microaerobic cultures was 13 times higher than the yield of anaerobic cultures at D a 010 h N1 , but the difference in the Y fructose between microaerobic and anaerobic cultures decreased at D S 010 h N1 . When the ATP yield from fermentation was estimated from the amounts of fructose consumed and acetate formed, the value of the microaerobic culture (249 mol ATP produced per mol fructose consumed) was lower than the anaerobic value [313 mol ATP (mol fructose) N1 ]. Therefore, ATP production from fermentation could not account for the increase in the Y fructose at D a 010 h N1 and thus additional ATP was expected to be generated via respiration. Assuming that the Y ATP (g cells formed per mol ATP synthesized) was similar between anaerobic and microaerobic cultures, the estimated ATP yield from respiration was between 12 and 20 mol ATP (mol fructose) N1 below D l 010 h N1 and decreased to 03 mol ATP (mol fructose) N1 when D was increased to 019 h N1 . Such growth-rate-dependent decreases in the Y fructose and the estimated ATP production from respiration were also observed in a highNa M (52 mM K M and 106 mM Na M ) culture but not in a high-K M (81 mM K M and 24 mM Na M ) culture. In the high-K M culture, the microaerobic Y fructose was 14-20 times higher than the anaerobic value and the respiration-derived ATP yield was estimated to be between 12 and 19 mol ATP (mol fructose) N1 over a wide range of dilution rate. These results suggest that higher concentrations of extracellular K M are required for the respiration to occur in rapidly growing cells of A. actinomycetemcomitans.

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Sodium, Potassium and Calcium Contents of Crevicular Exudate: Their Relations to Gingivitis and Periodontitis

Cited by 29 publications

References 14 publications

Potassium is a key signal in host-microbiome dysbiosis in periodontitis

Potassium is a key signal in host-microbiome dysbiosis in periodontitis

Potassium Channel-blockers as Therapeutic Agents to Interfere with Bone Resorption of Periodontal Disease

Energy metabolism of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans during anaerobic and microaerobic growth in low- and high-potassium continuous culture

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