Sodium-metal halide batteries in diesel-battery hybrid telecom applications

Rijssenbeek, Job; Wiegman, Herman; Hall, David B.; Chuah, Christopher Chee Kian; Balasubramanian, Ganesh; Brady, Conor

doi:10.1109/intlec.2011.6099819

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Considering these advantages along with the fact that they are solid at room temperature, the current data suggest that the bromide-containing MILs are highly promising materials for solid-state electrolyte (SE) batteries [73,74] or as electrolytes for applications at intermediate temperatures. [75] The aforementioned tradeoff of the IL conductivity versus (electrochemical) IL stability is clearly the result of the halide change within the MIL structures. The main part contributing to the stability of the [MBr 4 ] 2À compounds is the lower redox potential of bromide (1.37 V for Cl 2 vs. 1.07 V for Br 2 ), which is the result of a more ionic character of the chlorides.…”

Section: Chemistry-a European Journalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetrahalidometallate(II) Ionic Liquids with More than One Metal: The Effect of Bromide versus Chloride

Balischewski

Bhattacharyya

Sperlich

et al. 2022

Chemistry A European J

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Fifteen N-butylpyridinium salts -five monometallic [C 4 Py] 2 [MBr 4 ] and ten bimetallic [C 4 Py] 2 [M 0.5 a M 0.5 bBr 4 ] (M=Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn) -were synthesized, and their structures and thermal and electrochemical properties were studied. All the compounds are ionic liquids (ILs) with melting points between 64 and 101 °C. Powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction show that all ILs are isostructural. The electrochemical stability windows of the ILs are between 2 and 3 V.The conductivities at room temperature are between 10 À 5 and 10 À 6 S cm À 1 . At elevated temperatures, the conductivities reach up to 10 À 4 S cm À 1 at 70 °C. The structures and properties of the current bromide-based ILs were also compared with those of previous examples using chloride ligands, which illustrated differences and similarities between the two groups of ILs.

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Section: Chemistry-a European Journalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetrahalidometallate(II) Ionic Liquids with More than One Metal: The Effect of Bromide versus Chloride

Balischewski

Bhattacharyya

Sperlich

et al. 2022

Chemistry A European J

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“…In general, lead acid batteries are predominately used in telecom tower applications. In future, deployment of more durable and efficient batteries such as sodium-metal halide, Li-ion, vanadium-redox flow may help in the reduction of operating cost as well as operating hours of DG (Rijssenbeek et al, 2011). These advanced batteries can also be used in hybrid systems to facilitate optimal utilization of renewable energy sources (Kear et al, 2012;Merei et al, 2013;Vetter et al, 2005).…”

Section: Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of renewable energy based power supply options for telecom towers

Deevela

Kandpal

Singh

2023

Environ Dev Sustain

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Telecom services play a vital role in the socio-economic development of a country. The number of people using these services is growing rapidly with further enhance growth expected in future. Consequently, the number of telecom towers that are critical for providing such services has also increased correspondingly. Such an increase in the number of telecom towers in a country implies a corresponding increase in the electricity demand of the country. Moreover, in view of growing concerns about climate change, it is necessary that the decarbonization of telecom towers is prioritized so as to minimize their carbon footprint. In view of the above, the primary objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive analysis of various renewable energy-based systems and the advantages they offer for powering telecom towers, based on a review of the existing literature and field installations. Telecom towers are powered by hybrid energy systems that incorporate renewable energy technologies such as solar photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, fuel cells, and microturbines. Utilizing these systems helps to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and consequently mitigates the anthropogenic carbon emissions. Moreover, information related to growth of the telecom industry, telecom tower configurations and power supply needs, conventional power supply options, and hybrid system combinations and their benefits. Several field installations of renewable energy-based hybrid systems have also been summarized. This review can help to evaluate appropriate low-carbon technologies and also to develop policy instruments to promote renewable energy-based telecom tower power systems.

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“…Diesel generators were among the earliest technologies used as backup or primary power supply solutions for BSs in areas with poor or no access to the main grid [18]. Nordin and Lindemark [19] discussed that for an off-grid BS site application, the sizing of a diesel generator is usually done based on the estimated final capacity of the diesel generator.…”

Section: Diesel Generatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another example shows that a telecom operator like Vodacom has to spend more than $5 million per year for all of their 157 diesel-powered BS sites (about $32,000 per year per BS) located in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), mainly for O&M purposes [5,20]. Additionally, it is noteworthy that there are also other common issues related to the deployment of diesel generators such as noise emission, oil spillage, theft risk, and limited shelf life [5,18,19,[21][22][23][24].…”

Section: Diesel Generatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As studied by Rijssenbeek et al [18], the deployment of highly durable batteries like sodium-metal halide are useful in supporting diesel systems. Additionally, Rijssenbeek et al [18] also found that a fuel savings of up to 50% and a reduction of up to 70% in the overall running time of the diesel generator can be achieved by using such batteries.…”

Section: Electrochemical Energy Storage Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sustainable Power Supply Solutions for Off-Grid Base Stations

2015

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Abstract:The telecommunication sector plays a significant role in shaping the global economy and the way people share information and knowledge. At present, the telecommunication sector is liable for its energy consumption and the amount of emissions it emits in the environment. In the context of off-grid telecommunication applications, offgrid base stations (BSs) are commonly used due to their ability to provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area. However, in the past, the off-grid BSs usually relied on emission-intensive power supply solutions such as diesel generators. In this review paper, various types of solutions (including, in particular, the sustainable solutions) for powering BSs are discussed. The key aspects in designing an ideal power supply solution are reviewed, and these mainly include the pre-feasibility study and the thermal management of BSs, which comprise heating and cooling of the BS shelter/cabinets and BS electronic equipment and power supply components. The sizing and optimization approaches used to design the BSs' power supply systems as well as the operational and control strategies adopted to manage the power supply systems are also reviewed in this paper.

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Sodium-metal halide batteries in diesel-battery hybrid telecom applications

Cited by 7 publications

References 3 publications

Tetrahalidometallate(II) Ionic Liquids with More than One Metal: The Effect of Bromide versus Chloride

Tetrahalidometallate(II) Ionic Liquids with More than One Metal: The Effect of Bromide versus Chloride

A review of renewable energy based power supply options for telecom towers

Sustainable Power Supply Solutions for Off-Grid Base Stations

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