Sodium-Ion Batteries with Ti1Al1TiC1.85 MXene as Negative Electrode: Life Cycle Assessment and Life Critical Resource Use Analysis

Carvalho, Maria Leonor; Mela, Giulio; Temporelli, Andrea; Brivio, Elisabetta; Girardi, Pierpaolo

doi:10.3390/su14105976

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Carvalho et al. (2022) assessed SIB coin cells with much lower cell densities (0.1–0.4 Wh/kg) and thus received much higher impacts: ca. 56,000 kg CO 2 eq/kWh for their lab‐scale scenario and ca.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They included a case similar to Cell 1 in this study with Prussian white, hard carbon, and NaPF 6 , for which they received 87 kg CO 2 eq/kWh, close to the result at 86 kg CO 2 eq/kWh for Cell 1 with the EU mix and mass allocation in this study. Carvalho et al (2022) assessed SIB coin cells with much lower cell densities (0.1-0.4 Wh/kg) and thus received much higher impacts: ca. 56,000 kg CO 2 eq/kWh for their lab-scale scenario and ca.…”

Section: Mineral Resource Scarcitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carvalho et al. (2022) assessed a coin SIB cell with an Na 0.44 MnO 2 cathode and an MXene (Ti 1 Al 1 TiC 1.85 ) anode. They considered a laboratory‐scale production scenario with 0.126 Wh/kg specific energy at cell level, and a hypothetical industrial‐scale scenario with 0.429 Wh/kg.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prospective life cycle assessment of sodium‐ion batteries made from abundant elements

Wickerts,

Arvidsson,

Nordelöf

et al. 2023

J of Industrial Ecology

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Batteries are enablers for reducing fossil‐fuel dependency and climate‐change impacts. In this study, a prospective life cycle assessment (LCA) of large‐scale production of two different sodium‐ion battery (SIB) cells is performed with a cradle‐to‐gate system boundary. The SIB cells modeled have Prussian white cathodes and hard carbon anodes based only on abundant elements and thus constitute potentially preferable options to current lithium‐ion battery (LIB) cells from a mineral resource scarcity point of view. The functional unit was 1 kWh theoretical electricity storage capacity, and the specific energy density of the cells was 160 Wh/kg. Data for the cathode active material come from a large‐scale facility under construction and data for the SIB cell production is based on a large‐scale LIB cell gigafactory. For other SIB cell materials, prospective inventory data was obtained from a generic eight‐step procedure developed, which can be used by other LCA practitioners. The results show that both SIB cells indeed have considerably lower mineral resource scarcity impacts than nickel‐manganese‐cobalt (NMC)‐type LIB cells in a cradle‐to‐gate perspective, while their global warming impacts are on par. Main recommendations to SIB manufacturers are to source fossil‐free electricity for cell production and use hard carbon anodes based on lignin instead of phenolic resin. Additionally, since none of the assessed electrolytes had clearly lower cradle‐to‐gate impacts than any other, more research into SIB electrolyte materials with low environmental and resource impacts should be prioritized. An improvement of the SIB cell production model would be to obtain large‐scale production data specific to SIB cells.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mineral Resource Scarcitymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Prospective life cycle assessment of sodium‐ion batteries made from abundant elements

Wickerts,

Arvidsson,

Nordelöf

et al. 2023

J of Industrial Ecology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In 2022, Carvalho et al [23] applied a life cycle environmental-economic assessment, comparing Na-ion coin cells with Ti 1 Al 1 TiC 1.85 MXene as the anode material and Na 0.44 MnO 2 as the cathode, with LIBs. LCA results show that the assessed SIBs are less environmentally friendly than LIBs, an outcome determined by the SIBs' lower energy density.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

LCA and C-LCC Indicator as Tools for Sodium-Ion Batteries’ Eco-Design

Carvalho,

Cusenza,

Mela

et al. 2023

Energies

Self Cite

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Sodium-ion batteries are considered promising alternatives to lithium-ion technology; however, the diffusion on a commercial scale is hindered by the struggle to identify materials with high electrochemical performances. Studies available in the literature are mainly focused on electrochemical performance and neglect aspects related to the environmental sustainability. In fact, the current state-of-the-art (presented in this study) shows that life cycle assessment (LCA) studies related to the production processes of electrode materials for Na-ion batteries are still very limited. The LCA methodology applied during the development of a technology phase can constitute a valid support for an eco-oriented design and, therefore, to the choice of solutions characterized by a lower environmental impact with the same electrochemical performance. In this context, a life cycle-based environmental–economic assessment was performed to evaluate the environmental impacts of the production process of cathode and anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. The study is focused on the cathodic active material Na0.66MnO2, considering two synthesis paths, and the anodic material consisting of tin (Sn) and Sn-carbon nanofiber (Sn-Cn) active material, binder, and other additives. Results illustrate the environmental performance of the different materials and constitute a useful input for their selection within an eco-design view.

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Life Cycle Assessment of Emerging Battery Systems

Tarroja,

Ogunseitan,

Kendall

2024

The Materials Research Society Series

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The large-scale deployment of battery energy storage systems is critical for enabling the electrification of transport and the integration of renewable energy resources into regional electricity systems. Producing these systems, however, can impose various types and extents of environmental impacts and resource requirements. For relatively mature battery technologies, such as lead-acid, nickel-metal hydride, and certain variations of lithium-ion batteries, a robust life cycle assessment (LCA) literature exists that characterizes the environmental impacts and material requirements for these systems. Newer battery technologies, however, are constantly being explored, developed, and refined to improve upon the cost, durability, efficiency, or other performance parameters of relatively mature battery technologies. These newer technologies, including but not limited to solid-state lithium batteries, metal anode-based lithium batteries, non-lithium-based chemistries, flow batteries of different chemistries, and metal-air batteries, show promise from an in-use performance standpoint but do not yet have as robust of an LCA literature that characterizes their environmental impacts and resource requirements at scale. Here, we provide an overview of the present state of the art in the research literature of LCAs that characterize the potential environmental impacts and resource requirements of these emerging technologies as a basis for outlining needs for future research.

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Sodium-Ion Batteries with Ti1Al1TiC1.85 MXene as Negative Electrode: Life Cycle Assessment and Life Critical Resource Use Analysis

Cited by 7 publications

References 29 publications

Prospective life cycle assessment of sodium‐ion batteries made from abundant elements

Prospective life cycle assessment of sodium‐ion batteries made from abundant elements

LCA and C-LCC Indicator as Tools for Sodium-Ion Batteries’ Eco-Design

Life Cycle Assessment of Emerging Battery Systems

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