Sodium ion batteries: a newer electrochemical storage

Abstract

Vehicle electrification is one of the most significant solutions that address the challenges of fossil fuel depletion, global warming, CO 2 pollution, and so on. To mitigate these issues, recent research mainly focuses on finding clean energy storage devices such as batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, and so forth. Owing to the outstanding energy and power density, lithium-ion batteries (LIB) have captured the market for portable electronics, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and so on. During 1970-1980s, electrode materials for both LIBs and sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) were investigated but higher energy and power density of LIBs have made it a popular candidate for portable electronics. Issues arise on the availability of lithium reserves, so it is high time we take a look at finding alternative energy storage system without compromising on the energy and power density of the state-of-the-art LIBs. Therefore, researchers have revisited NIBs and recent developments have contributed towards discovering new electrode materials to match the energy and power density of LIBs at low cost. While a variety of positive and negative electrode materials have been investigated for NIBs so far, the influence of voltage, capacity, cycle life, and volume expansion of negative electrodes on Na + ion extraction and insertion are more as compared with LIBs. This affects the energy and power density of NIBs but cost-effective partial replacement of LIBs is viable and is widely pursued.

A review of carbon materials and their composites with alloy metals for sodium ion battery anodes

“…In the search for alternative secondary batteries that will replaced LIBs, sodium ion batteries (SIBs) have received interest due to the following reseaons; (a) the low cost of sodium compare to lithium, especially for large-scale electric storage applications (b) abundance of sodium sources (being the 4 th most abundant element in the earth crust), and (c) the similar chemistry of sodium and lithium [8][9][10][11]. As a matter of fact, SIBs were originally researched in tandem with Li batteries in the late 1970's and early 1980's [12][13][14][15].…”

Ultrathin molybdenum diselenide nanosheets anchored on multi-walled carbon nanotubes as anode composites for high performance sodium-ion batteries

“…1.06 Å) than Li-ions (ca. 0.76 Å) [5,6], the intercalation and deintercalation kinetics of sodium is more sluggish compared to lithium [7]. Therefore, it is necessary to discover suitable host material to allow reversible and rapid Na-ions intercalation and deintercalation, especially for anode materials.…”

High performance NaxCoO2 as a cathode material for rechargeable sodium batteries

“…In order to make a cost effective battery, at present researchers are focussing towards Na-ion batteries (NIB). [3][4][5][6] Since, the redox potential of sodium is closer to lithium, researchers are glued towards sodium ion battery chemistry which could be amicable for LIB's. Reports on the class of cathode materials viz., phosphates [7][8][9] , perovskites 10-13 , NASICON 12,13 , flourosulphates, fluorophosphates 14,15 , cyanides 16 and oxides [17][18][19][20][21] are available.…”