Sodium found in processed cow milk and estimated intake by infants

Camara, Alex Oliveira da; Rodrigues, Lúcia Gomes; Ferreira, Thaís B.; Moraes, Orlando Marino Gadas de

doi:10.1016/j.jped.2021.02.003

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…Their results imply that most infants consume an excessive amount of sodium at an early stage of their lives. According to these studies, the sodium intake of infants is often higher than the values recommended by national and international guidelines, which results in about 4–8 times higher intake of sodium [ 53 ]. In the USA, using a 24-h diet reminder used in the NHANES 2011–2012 survey with 2142 children and adolescents (6–18 years old), salt consumption was 8.1 g per day [ 54 ].…”

Section: Actual Versus Recommended Intake Of Sodium In Various Popula...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Initiatives to Reduce the Content of Sodium in Food Products and Meals and Improve the Population’s Health

Jachimowicz

Winiarska-Mieczan

2023

Nutrients

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Table salt is the main source of sodium (Na) in the human diet. Excessive supply of Na in a diet is strongly linked to many non-communicable human diseases, such as hypertension, obesity and stomach cancer. The World Health Organization recommends that daily intake of salt in adult diets should be kept below 5 g/person/day, which corresponds to 2 g Na/person/day. However, on average, adults consume about 9–10 g/person/day, and children and young people about 7–8 g/person/day. Initiatives to reduce salt intake include modifications of food composition in collaboration with the food industry, education of consumers, salt marking on foodstuff labels and taxation of salt. A need also exists to educate society so that they choose low-sodium products. In view of the food technology and amount of salt intake, the most important and the easiest change to make is to reduce the content of salt in baked goods. This paper analyses the results of surveys regarding strategies to reduce salt content in food products and considers multifaceted initiatives to reduce salt intake as a possible efficient method of improving the population’s health status.

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Section: Actual Versus Recommended Intake Of Sodium In Various Popula...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Initiatives to Reduce the Content of Sodium in Food Products and Meals and Improve the Population’s Health

Jachimowicz

Winiarska-Mieczan

2023

Nutrients

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“…Breastfed infants have lower risk of SIDS compared to non-breastfed infants [ 60 ]. Of significance, human breast milk is much lower in sodium compared to cow milk [ 61 ], at 15 mg and 43 mg/100 g, respectively [ 62 ]. “Infants’ systems cannot handle the high levels of protein, sodium, and potassium of unmodified cow milk”, while infant formula based on modified cow milk “attempts to mimic the nutritional composition of breast milk” [ 63 ].…”

Section: Diet Sodium and Sidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, according to the World Health Organization, “formula milk marketing, not the product itself, disrupts informed decision-making and undermines breastfeeding and child health” [ 64 ]. By comparison, breastfed milk precludes infants’ exposure to sodium salts used in food processing [ 61 , 65 ], which potentially reduces risk of sodium toxicity in breastfed infants compared to formula-fed infants.…”

Section: Diet Sodium and Sidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, Pulmonary Edema, and Sodium Toxicity: A Grounded Theory

Brown

2022

Diseases

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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) occurs unexpectedly in an otherwise healthy infant with no identifiable cause of death following a thorough investigation. A general hypervolemic state has been identified in SIDS, and fluid in the lungs suggests the involvement of pulmonary edema and hypoxia as the cause of death. The present perspective paper reviews pathophysiological, epidemiological, and dietary evidence in SIDS. A grounded theory is presented that proposes an association of SIDS with sodium toxicity from excessive sodium chloride intake, mediated by noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, hypoxia, and alveolar damage. The peak of SIDS cases occurs in infants 2–4 months of age, who are less efficient in excreting excessive dietary sodium load. Evidence implicating sodium toxicity in SIDS includes increased levels of sodium associated with fever and with inflammatory/immune responses in the lungs. Conditions in near-miss SIDS cases are linked to dysregulated sodium, and increased sodium dietary intake suggests that sodium toxicity from a high-salt diet potentially mediates the association of seasonality and socioeconomic status with SIDS incidence. In addition, exposure to sodium toxicity meets three main criteria of the triple risk model of SIDS. The proposed pathophysiological effects of pulmonary edema related to sodium toxicity in SIDS merit further investigations.

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“…It contains many other nutrients, including protein and lactose [4], [5]. Consumption of inter-species milk is common, particularly among humans, who consume other mammalian milk [6]. Milk is a good medium for the growth of microorganisms [7], especially pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella sp [8], [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Study and PI Control of Milk Cooling Process

Agustriyanto¹,

Mochni²

2022

Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng. Inf. Technol.

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The background of this research is to understand the operation process, which is the main goal of developing the process model. This model is often used for operator training, process design, safety system analysis, or control system design. The dynamic model of the milk cooling process from 36˚C to 4˚C using chilled water available at 2˚C was performed. Chilled water was maintained at a constant temperature by using a refrigerant unit. The process being investigated was a Packo brand milk cooling tank belonging to KUD SAE Pujon (Malang -Indonesia). A fundamental heat balance method was used to derive the model, leading to a first-order transfer function process. For a 2-hr cooling process, the gain and time constant values are 1.00 and 42.3548 mins, respectively. Heat balance was then extended to continuous processes so that its transfer function could also be obtained. This study simulated and investigated the behavior of batch and continuous processes. Process Identification via input-output data was also introduced for continuous process. The process model obtained from the system identification toolbox was very useful in control, such as for determining tuning parameters via the Ziegler-Nichol method for Proportional-Integral control. However, a small delay was required to be introduced to the system as the first order process without time Ziegler Nichol method cannot be implemented. Further research may include other system identification methods, such as ARX, ARMAX, Output-Error, Box Jenkins etc., or implementing advanced process control for milk cooling.

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Sodium found in processed cow milk and estimated intake by infants

Cited by 3 publications

References 18 publications

Initiatives to Reduce the Content of Sodium in Food Products and Meals and Improve the Population’s Health

Initiatives to Reduce the Content of Sodium in Food Products and Meals and Improve the Population’s Health

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, Pulmonary Edema, and Sodium Toxicity: A Grounded Theory

Dynamic Study and PI Control of Milk Cooling Process

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