Sodium butyrate reduces ammonia emissions through glutamate metabolic pathways in cecal microorganisms of laying hens

Dietary sodium butyrate improves female broiler breeder performance and offspring immune function by enhancing maternal intestinal barrier and microbiota

“…Dietary SB results in improved performance by promoting gastrointestinal development in poultry and has a dose-related effect ( Lan et al, 2020 ). In laying hens, SB influences nutrient digestibility, thereby affecting production performance ( Zhang et al, 2022a ), as well as amino acid metabolism and intestinal immune function induced by cecal microorganisms ( Zhong et al, 2022 ). In the modern broiler industry, where rapid growth rate is often associated with increased stress and immune challenges, SB can modulate the intestinal permeability of broilers and regulate the intestinal microbial community ( Naghizadeh et al, 2022 ), thereby improving immune function and stress resistance ( Bortoluzzi et al, 2017 ).…”

Microbiota dysbiosis caused by dietetic patterns as a promoter of Alzheimer's disease through metabolic syndrome mechanisms

“…148 Hence, urea cycle function may be induced in Alzheimer's disease, possibly to remove excess ammonia produced from increased amino acid catabolism. 143 In brief, the high levels of ammonia, combined with the pro-inflammatory cytokines that are produced in response to gut dysbiosis, lead to cerebral neurotoxicity. 141…”

“…), also related to lower butyric acid concentrations. 143 Conversely, several Lactobacilli species show the capacity to reduce the blood levels of ammonia by improving intestinal barrier permeability as well as promoting the growth of non-urease producing bacteria (depressing ammonia production). 144 Ammonia shows high neurotoxic activities at the brain level.…”

“…147 Amino acid metabolism is altered under Alzheimer's disease conditions in the brain. 143 Normal astrocytes show non-cyclic urea metabolism, whereas astrocytes under Alzheimer's disease conditions show upregulated enzymes of the urea cycle and accumulated metabolites such as aspartate, ammonia or the end-product urea. 148 Hence, urea cycle function may be induced in Alzheimer's disease, possibly to remove excess ammonia produced from increased amino acid catabolism.…”

“…148 Hence, urea cycle function may be induced in Alzheimer's disease, possibly to remove excess ammonia produced from increased amino acid catabolism. 143 In brief, the high levels of ammonia, combined with the pro-inflammatory cytokines that are produced in response to gut dysbiosis, lead to cerebral neurotoxicity. 141 Microbiota neurotoxic metabolites: D-lactate role Most of the colonic bacteria are anaerobic, converting the generated pyruvate to other organic acids such as acetic, propionic, and butyric acids.…”