Sodium Butyrate Mitigates iE-DAP Induced Inflammation Caused by High-Concentrate Feeding in Liver of Dairy Goats

Abstract

The aim of this study is to explore the impact of sodium butyrate on d-glutamyl- meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP)-induced liver inflammation in dairy goats during subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) caused by high-concentrate feed. To achieve this aim, 12 lactating dairy goats were randomly divided into two groups: a high-concentrate feed group ( n = 6, concentrate/forage = 6:4) as the control group and a sodium butyrate (SB) with high-concentrate feed group ( n = 6, concentrate/forage = 6:4, with 1% SB by wt.) as the treatment group. A rumen pH below 5.6 lasted for at least 4 h/d due to long-term HC feeding. The concentration of iE-DAP was significantly lower (11.67 ± 3.85 μg/mL, and 7.74 ± 1.46 μg/mL, at the fourth h and sixth h of feeding, respectively) in the SB-treated group than that in the HC group (51.45 ± 5.71 μg/mL, and 18.31 ± 3.83 μg/mL, at the fourth h and sixth h of feeding, respectively). Meanwhile, SB significantly suppressed the mRNA expression of inflammatory genes (NOD1, RIPK2, TAK1, NF-κB/p65, ERK, JNK2, p38, IL-1β, TNF-α, CCL5, CCL20, CXCL12, FOS, β-defensin/LAP). Moreover, the protein expression of NOD1, p-IκBα, p-NF-κB/p-p65, p-ERK1/2, p-JNK, p-p38, and HDAC3 was significantly downregulated in the HC+SB group. In conclusion, iE-DAP-induced inflammation and liver disruption generated by the HC diet was mitigated by SB treatment.

Sodium Butyrate More Effectively Mitigates the Negative Effects of High-Concentrate Diet in Dairy Cows than Sodium β-Hydroxybutyrate via Reducing Free Bacterial Cell Wall Components in Rumen Fluid and Plasma

“…There are several reasons. Firstly, sodium butyrate improved the rumen pH and comprehensively decreased the bacterial cell wall components (LPS, PGN and LTA) in rumen fluid and plasma, which was consistent with previous studies [ 10 , 14 , 15 ]. Sodium β -hydroxybutyrate also improved rumen pH, but to a less extent than sodium butyrate.…”

“…Similarly, several studies have suggested that supplementation of sodium butyrate could comprehensively reduce the body injuries induced by HC diet in ruminants. These injuries included inflammation in the mammary gland [ 12 , 14 ], liver [ 15 ], rumen epithelium [ 17 ]; apoptosis in mammary cells [ 54 ] and hepatocytes [ 13 ]; and impairment of ruminal epithelium barrier function [ 10 ]. β -Hydroxybutyrate also possesses an anti-inflammatory activity via activating GPR109A [ 30 ] and decreasing the expression of innate immune genes [ 55 ].…”

“…Numerous studies [ 12 , 13 ] have demonstrated that HC diet feeding significantly increases the concentrations of LPS in the rumen and plasma of ruminants and induces inflammation in the rumen epithelium, the mammary gland, the liver, and so on. Besides, several studies [ 14 , 15 ] have also suggested that HC diet feeding significantly increases the concentration of D-glutamyl- meso -diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP), a core component of PGN, in the rumen and plasma of dairy cows and goats and elicited inflammation in the mammary gland and liver. Whether HC diet increases the concentrations of PGN and LTA in the rumen and plasma of dairy cows has yet to be established.…”

A Novel α/β Hydrolase Domain Protein Derived From Haemonchus contortus Acts at the Parasite-Host Interface

“…Cells were harvested for total RNA extraction, and cDNA was obtained by RT-PCR. Relative quantification of candidate gene expressions was conducted using previously published primers of endogenous reference genes and target genes ( 30 – 34 ) ( Supplementary Table 2 ). The relative mRNA expression levels of candidate genes were calculated by the 2- ΔΔCt method.…”

Unveiling the immunomodulatory properties of Haemonchus contortus adhesion regulating molecule 1 interacting with goat T cells

“…Cells were harvested for total RNA extraction and cDNA obtained by reverse-transcription PCR. Relative quantification of candidate gene expression was conducted using previously published primers [ 29 – 33 ] of endogenous reference and candidate genes (Additional file 2 : Table S2). Based on the 2 −ΔΔCq method, the relative levels of target gene transcription were normalized to reference gene expression.…”