Sodium and potassium intake in Hungarian children and adolescents: Comparison of two cross sectional studies

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to assess the sodium and potassium intake among Hungarian children and adolescents. The study was undertaken to estimate daily sodium and potassium intake by measuring 24-h urinary electrolyte excretion rate in 200 Hungarian children (age 1-18 years). Daily sodium and potassium intake positively correlated with age, body mass index, and systolic blood pressure. As a result of the parallel trend and time course of urinary sodium and potassium excretion the sodium to potassium ratio, the important risk factor for essential hypertension remained practically unchanged with age. We did not fi nd a signifi cant difference in this ratio between hypertensive and normotensive, or obese and non-obese children. Sodium and potassium intake expressed per kilogram body weight decreased steadily with age, but there was no signifi cant difference between boys and girls. When adjustment was made for age and body mass index, using multivariate regression analysis, the systolic blood pressure proved to be independent of urinary sodium excretion and daily potassium intake. Compared with Dietary Reference Intake values, the present study demonstrates that, on average, Hungarian children and adolescents have a diet rich in sodium, and poor in potassium, although during the last 20 years a favourable trend can be detected.

The association between dietary sodium intake, adiposity and sugar-sweetened beverages in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Systematic review findings: BMI z-score or BMI Seven studies reported on the association between sodium intake and either BMI or BMI zscore (5,7,9,113,114,117,125) , due to discrepancies in methods used to report data none of these could be pooled (Table S15). Four studies reported on the correlation between sodium intake and BMI/BMI z-score; two reported a moderate significant positive correlation (114,117) , one a very weak significant correlation and one a null relationship (125) . The remaining three studies adjusted for a number of covariates and all reported positive associations between sodium intake and BMI/BMI z-score (5,7,9) .…”

“…Eighteen cross-sectional studies reported on the relationship between Na intake and a measure of adiposity (5,7,9,12,55,(113)(114)(115)(116)(117)(118)(119)(120)(121)(122)(123)(124)(125) ; three of which were included in meta-analyses (online Supplementary Table S13). One of these studies was from Canada (124) , one from Iran (123) and the other from South Korea (118) .…”

“…Two of these studies assessed Na intake using 24-h dietary recalls (118,124) and one study used 24-h urine collection (123) . Reasons for exclusion from meta-analysis included: findings were only presented as correlation coefficients (n 8) (55,(113)(114)(115)117,120,121,125) or due to discrepancy in how study findings were presented, there were too few studies (i.e. ≤3) for a pooled analysis (n 7) (5,7,9,12,116,119,122) .…”

“…≤3) for a pooled analysis (n 7) (5,7,9,12,116,119,122) . Of the fifteen studies included in the systematic review, six studies were from Europe (113,114,116,117,120,121) , four from Asia (12,119,122,125) , two from the USA (7,115) , one from South America (55) , one from the UK (9) and one from Australia (5) . Most studies (9/15) assessed Na intake using 24-h urine collection (5,9,55,113,114,117,(120)(121)(122) ; other methods included overnight urines (n 2) (115,125) and dietary recall methods (n 4) (7,12,116,119) .…”

“…Quality assessment. Based on the NOS, studies were deemed as either low (n 2, 1 %) (115,125) , moderate (n 8, 44 %) (55,114,116,117,(120)(121)(122)124) or high (n 8, 44 %) quality studies (5,7,9,12,70,113,119,123) (online Supplementary Table S14).…”