Socioeconomic status, depression disparities, and financial strain: what lies behind the income‐depression relationship?

Zimmerman, Frederick J.; Katon, Wayne

doi:10.1002/hec.1011

Cited by 330 publications

(258 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Occupational factors such as physically demanding work and poor or no health insurance may account for the link between low socioeconomic status and pain [30]. Similarly, socioeconomic status is associated with depression [36], possibly because of the financial strain and stress. It is also possible that pain and depression make it difficult to hold a job.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comorbid Chronic Pain and Depression: Who Is at Risk?

Miller

Caño

2009

The Journal of Pain

258

155

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and demographic risk factors of chronic pain and its comorbidity with depression. Computer-assisted telephone interviewing was utilized to obtain a representative community sample in the state of Michigan (N = 1,179). The prevalence of chronic pain due to any cause was 21.9%.Approximately 35% of participants with chronic pain also had comorbid depression (7.7% of the entire sample). Depression was not associated with pain types or sites. A multinomial regression analysis revealed several demographic correlates of chronic pain and depression.Participants with chronic pain or comorbid pain and depression were more likely to be older, female, employed less than full-time, and have less education than persons without either condition. Logistic regression analyses showed that younger participants were more likely to have comorbid pain and depression than chronic pain only. A similar but marginally significant effect was found for African-American participants. Compared to the depression only group, those in the comorbid group were more likely to be women and middle-aged. These findings provide additional evidence on the prevalence of comorbid pain and depression in the community and suggest that certain demographic groups with chronic pain may especially benefit from depression screenings.Perspective. This article reports on the prevalence of chronic pain and co-occurring depression in a representative community sample. The high prevalence rates of pain and comorbid depression point to the clinical importance of assessing depression in chronic pain samples.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comorbid Chronic Pain and Depression: Who Is at Risk?

Miller

Caño

2009

The Journal of Pain

258

155

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Jenkins, Fitch, et al (2009) reported descriptive statistics only, as did Hintikka, Kontula, Saarinen, Tanskanen, Koskela, and Viinamäki (1998) who reported a greater likelihood of scoring above cut-off on the GHQ in those with debt. Effects were found for neurotic disorders, psychotic disorders, alcohol and drug dependence specifically (Jenkins, Bebbington, et al, 2009;Jenkins, et al, 2008;Meltzer, et al, 2013) as well as depression (Meltzer, et al, 2010;Zimmerman & Katon, 2005). Dose-response effects were also found for number of debts and risk of mental disorder Meltzer, et al, 2013).…”

Section: Nationally Representative Surveysmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between personal unsecured debt and mental and physical health: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Richardson

Elliott

Roberts

2013

Clinical Psychology Review

326

278

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This paper systematically reviews the relationship between personal unsecured debt and health. Psychinfo, Embase and Medline were searched and 52 papers were accepted. A hand and citedby search produced an additional 13 references leading to 65 papers in total. Panel surveys, nationally representative epidemiological surveys and psychological autopsy studies have examined the relationship, as have studies on specific populations such as university students, debt management clients and older adults. Most studies examined relationships with mental health and depression in particular. Studies of physical health have also shown a relationship with self-rated health and outcomes such as obesity. There is also a strong relationship with suicide completion, and relationships with drug and alcohol abuse. The majority of studies found that more severe debt is related to worse health; however causality is hard to establish. A meta-analysis of pooled odds ratios showed a significant relationship between debt and mental disorder (OR=3.24), depression (OR=2.77), suicide completion (OR=7.9), suicide completion or attempt (OR=5.76), problem drinking (OR=2.68), drug dependence (OR=8.57), neurotic disorder (OR=3.21) and psychotic disorders (OR=4.03). There was no significant relationship with smoking (OR=1.35, p>.05). Future longitudinal research is needed to determine causality and establish potential mechanisms and mediators of the relationship.Dr Bellack, Please find attached a response to the reviewer's comments and an amended manuscript. We hope that these changes address the concerns raised, and the paper can now be accepted for -This relationship is especially strong for mental health in particular depression.-There are also relationships with substance use and suicide.-Research suffers from inconsistent use of standardised measures.-A lack of longitudinal studies makes it difficult to demonstrate causality. *Highlights (for review)We would like to thank the reviewer for their detailed comments. In relation to these we have made the following changes, which have all been marked in the main manuscript via track changes:-We have now clarified in the title, abstract, introduction, discussion and highlights that this examines personal unsecured debt specifically.-In the Method, Search Procedure we have changed "Classes" into "Classed" -In Appendix B (Characteristics of Panel Surveys) we have added "years" to 4-6. The formatting of the tables meant that some words were cut off: this has now been corrected for all the tables.-Page 17, fifth line of first paragraph, "self-related" has been changed to "self-rated." -Page 19, second paragraph, a new paragraph has been started after the line beginning "The advantage." -Page 20, first line of second paragraph, "somewhat unclear" has been changed to "unclear".-Page 21, second paragraph, the first line has been amended to specify about "personal, unsecured debt".-Page 5: more detail has been added to justify why studies on secured loans and mortgage debt were excluded.-Resul...

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“…Objective measures of income do not capture the meaning of income adequacy to individuals (Hazelrigg & Hardy, 1997;Mirowsky & Ross, 1999) with people on low incomes not always reporting financial strain, which indicates that these two measures are different and therefore may differentially impact on health (Angel et al, 2003). Kahn and Fazio (2005) highlight that income and financial strain (a form of SFW) are not the same; a level of income that may be sufficient to meet one individual's needs may be insufficient for another individual (Zimmerman & Katon, 2005). Social comparison and expectation may lead to differences in the perception of the adequacy of income (Angel et al, 2003).…”

Section: Health and Subjective Financial Well-beingmentioning

confidence: 99%