Socioeconomic Status and Insomnia.

Abstract

This investigation compared the likelihood of insomnia and insomnia-related health consequences among individuals of different socioeconomic status. A random-digit dialing procedure was used to recruit at least 50 men and 50 women in each age decade from 20 to 80+ years old. Participants completed 2 weeks of sleep diaries as well as questionnaires related to fatigue, sleepiness, and psychological distress. Socioeconomic status was measured by education status assessed at 3 different levels: individual, household, and community. Results indicated that individuals of lower individual and household education were significantly more likely to experience insomnia even after researchers accounted for ethnicity, gender, and age. Additionally, individuals with fewer years of education, particularly those who had dropped out of high school, experienced greater subjective impairment because of their insomnia.

The assessment of association between insomnia and risk factors in the province of Nova Scotia.

“…The results of other investigators of associations between insomnia and female gender are extended by the findings of this study, confirming that female population relates to higher risk for insomnia (Katz & McHorney, 1998;Roberts et al, 2008;Sutton et al, 2001;Su et al, 2004). Gellis et al (2005) also found that risk for insomnia was significantly greater with increasing age and among women. Katz and McHorney (1998) did not observe a significant association between smoking status and insomnia.…”

“…Sutton, Moldofsky, and Badley (2001) Others employ 6-month scales (Gellis et al, 2005;Riedel, Durrence, Lichstein, Taylor, & Bush, 2004;Taylor et al, 2007). One-month or four-week insomnia is used as a dependent variable in multivariate techniques in studies conducted by McHorney (1998), Kim et al (2001), and Liu et al (2000).…”

The relative importance of specific risk factors for insomnia in women treated for early‐stage breast cancer

“…These include demographic and personal characteristics (e.g. being female [12], older age [13][14][15][16], lower education/socioeconomic status [17][18][19], being divorced/single [20], obesity [21,22]), unhealthy behaviors (e.g. low physical activity [15,23,24], alcohol intake [25,26], smoking [27][28][29][30][31]), poor physical health [32,33] and physical symptoms (e.g.…”

Objective and Subjective Socioeconomic Gradients Exist for Sleep Quality, Sleep Latency, Sleep Duration, Weekend Oversleep, and Daytime Sleepiness in Adults

“…Objective measures of SEP, including lower income, education, and occupation status, have been linked to a greater subjective need for sleep (Ursin, Bjorvatn, & Holsten, 2005), greater difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep (Gellis et al, 2005;Hall, Bromberger, & Matthews, 1999;Lauderdale et al, 2006), considerably more accumulated sleep debt (Hall et al, 1999;Ursin et al, 2005), as well as both long (≥ 9 hr) and short (≥ 6 hr) sleep durations (Krueger & Friedman, 2009;Stamatakis, Kaplan, & Roberts, 2007;Stranges et al, 2008;Ursin et al, 2005), even after controlling for important covariates (e.g., gender, age, marital status, and smoking). Objective SEP broadly encompasses contextual factors related to access to tangible resources (Operario et al, 2004).…”