Socioeconomic status and health: how education, income, and occupation contribute to risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Winkleby, Marilyn A.; Jatulis, Darius; Frank, Erica; Fortmann, Stephen P.

doi:10.2105/ajph.82.6.816

Cited by 1,662 publications

(1,180 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The mechanical aspects of the lumbar spine in particular, and lower body joints in general, are known to be important in maintaining a normal gait pattern, perhaps explaining their apparent influence on walking velocity (7). The demonstrated effect of education might be mediated through general health, since better educated subjects tend to be healthier (8,9). While our data support all of the above-mentioned theories, the cross-sectional nature of this inquiry limits our ability to equate causality with association.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

The determinants of walking velocity in the elderly

Chang¹,

Dunlop²,

Gibbs³

et al. 1995

Arthritis & Rheumatism

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Objective. To determine predictors of walking velocity in the elderly.Methods. Five hundred thirty-two persons from 3 cohorts of elderly persons (retirement community, ambulatory care medical clinic, or chronically homebound population) performed a 10-foot (for the homebound subjects) or SO-foot (for all other subjects) walk time test and underwent a standardized interview, chart review, and clinical examination. The 73 independent variables that were evaluated included demographic, musculoskeletal, neurologic, psychologic, and other comorbidity items. Least-squares and least-absolute-deviation regression tree analyses were performed to determine the strongest predictive factors associated with walking velocity.Results, Sampling cohort (homebound versus non-homebound), quadriceps strength, hip flexion strength, lumbosacral spine impairment, lower joint impairment, and education were found to be associated with walking velocity. Joint pain measures were not associated with walking velocity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

The determinants of walking velocity in the elderly

Chang¹,

Dunlop²,

Gibbs³

et al. 1995

Arthritis & Rheumatism

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“…First, our measure of childhood socioeconomic origins was limited to parental occupational status and did not incorporate all potential indicators of social inequality. 25 However, in so far as childhood social origins were measured contemporaneously, directly, and across the entire childhood period, this method represents improvement on previous attempts to identify childhood socioeconomic status via adult recall or through proxy measurements. Second, adult socioeconomic status at age 26 years might not reflect final socioeconomic destination, and adult achievements later in life might increasingly undo earlier childhood influences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between children's experience of socioeconomic disadvantage and adult health: a life-course study

et al. 2002

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“…Residential addresses of cases were geocoded using ArcGIS software program30 and were linked to information corresponding to later specified census tract SE variables based on unique census tract numbers. The following SE status components,2 measured at census‐tract level (which we will refer to as “neighborhood”), and previously associated with health outcomes31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 were included: percentage of population who indicated their race as white; median household income (MHI) as inflation adjusted dollars; percentage of population classified as rural; and percentage of population aged 25 years and over without some college education (Table 1). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional socioeconomic disparities in outcomes for workers with low back pain in the United States

Shraim

Cifuentes

Willetts

et al. 2017

American J Industrial Med

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BackgroundAlthough regional socioeconomic (SE) factors have been associated with worse health outcomes, prior studies have not addressed important confounders or work disability.MethodsA national sample of 59 360 workers’ compensation (WC) cases to evaluate impact of regional SE factors on medical costs and length of disability (LOD) in occupational low back pain (LBP).ResultsLower neighborhood median household incomes (MHI) and higher state unemployment rates were associated with longer LOD. Medical costs were lower in states with more workers receiving Social Security Disability, and in areas with lower MHI, but this varied in magnitude and direction among neighborhoods. Medical costs were higher in more urban, more racially diverse, and lower education neighborhoods.ConclusionsRegional SE disparities in medical costs and LOD occur even when health insurance, health care availability, and indemnity benefits are similar. Results suggest opportunities to improve care and disability outcomes through targeted health care and disability interventions.

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Socioeconomic status and health: how education, income, and occupation contribute to risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Abstract: One of the strongest and most consistent predictors of a person's morbidity and mortality experience is that person's socioeconomic status (SES)

Cited by 1,662 publications

References 31 publications

The determinants of walking velocity in the elderly

The determinants of walking velocity in the elderly

Association between children's experience of socioeconomic disadvantage and adult health: a life-course study

Regional socioeconomic disparities in outcomes for workers with low back pain in the United States

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