Socioeconomic status and age at menarche: an examination of multiple indicators in an ethnically diverse cohort

Deardorff, Julianna; Abrams, Barbara; Ekwaru, John Paul; Rehkopf, David H.

doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.07.002

Cited by 92 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…8 Prior studies, mostly from the USA, have described socioeconomic and ethnic/racial patterning of the onset of puberty. [9][10][11][12][13][14] Given the different historical and geographical patterns of migration to the UK and USA we might not necessarily expect to see ethnic differences in early puberty in the UK.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early puberty in 11-year-old girls: Millennium Cohort Study findings

et al. 2016

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ObjectiveEarly puberty in girls is linked to some adverse outcomes in adolescence and mid-life. We address two research questions: (1) Are socioeconomic circumstances and ethnicity associated with early onset puberty? (2) Are adiposity and/or psychosocial stress associated with observed associations?DesignLongitudinal data on 5839 girls from the UK Millennium Cohort Study were used to estimate associations between ethnicity, family income, adiposity and psychosocial stress with a marker of puberty.Main outcome measureReported menstruation at age 11 years.ResultsAll quoted ORs are statistically significant. Girls in the poorest income quintile were twice as likely (OR=2.1), and the second poorest quintile nearly twice as likely (OR=1.9) to have begun menstruation compared with girls in the richest income quintile. Estimates were roughly halved on adjustment for Body Mass Index and markers of psychosocial stress (poorest, OR=1.5; second poorest, OR=1.5). Indian girls were over 3 times as likely compared with whites to have started menstruation (OR=3.5) and statistical adjustments did not attenuate estimates. The raised odds of menstruation for Pakistani (OR=1.9), Bangladeshi (OR=3.3) and black African (OR=3.0) girls were attenuated to varying extents, from about a third to a half, on adjustment for income and adiposity.ConclusionsIn contemporary UK, excess adiposity and psychosocial stress were associated with social inequalities in early puberty, while material disadvantage and adiposity were linked to ethnic inequalities in early puberty among girls.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early puberty in 11-year-old girls: Millennium Cohort Study findings

et al. 2016

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“…Studies that examined SEP and age at menarche are inconsistent, with some finding lower SEP directly related to earlier menarche (17–20) and others the inverse (21–23). This inconsistency may be at least in part due to the changing relationship of SEP with body size over time (24, 25) and the association of obesity with race and ethnicity (26).…”

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confidence: 99%

Childhood Socioeconomic Position and Pubertal Onset in a Cohort of Multiethnic Girls: Implications for Breast Cancer

Hiatt

Stewart

Hoeft

et al. 2017

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Background Higher socioeconomic position (SEP) has been associated with increased risk of breast cancer. Its relationship with earlier age of pubertal onset, a risk factor for breast cancer, is less clear. Methods We studied the relationship of SEP to pubertal onset in multiethnic cohort of 1237 girls aged 6–8 years at baseline. Girls in three U.S. cities were followed for 5–8 years with annual clinical examinations from 2004 to 2012. SEP measures were examined for associations with pubertal onset, assessed by breast budding (thelarche) and pubic hair development (adrenarche). Analyses were conducted with accelerated failure time models using a Weibull distribution, with left, right and interval censoring. Results Higher BMI% at entry to the study and black or Hispanic race/ethnicity were the strongest predictors of age at pubertal onset. A SEP Index comprised of household family income, mother’s education and home ownership was an independent predictor of thelarche in adjusted models for all girls together and for white and Latina, separately, but not black, girls and the relationship varied by study site. The SEP index was not related to adrenarche in adjusted models. Overall girls from the lowest quintile of SEP entered puberty on average 6% earlier than girls from the highest quintile (time ratio=0.94, 95% confidence interval 0.91–0.97) in adjusted models. Conclusion Our results suggest that early life SEP may influence the timing of pubertal development. Impact Factors related to lower SEP in childhood can adversely affect early development in ways that may increase the risk of breast cancer.

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“…Also, Black and Hispanic girls experienced menarche earlier than whites. SES indicators were associated uniquely with earlier menarche and included mother's unmarried status and lower family income (Deardorff et al 2014). However, the other polish studies (female university students) from Szczecin showed that there were no significant differences in the number of the early, average and late maturing students between the socioeconomic groups (Olszewska et al 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body structure and maturation – the association with environmental factors

Nieczuja-Dwojacka

Siniarska

Sikorska

et al. 2017

Anthropological Review

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AbstrAct:The main objective of the study was to determine the relationship between physique, maturation and some environmental factors. The study was conducted in Warsaw, between 2012 and 2013 in randomly selected schools. The material included 171 girls, aged 12-20 years. Body height and weight, upper and lower extremity length, subcutaneous fat folds on arm, subscapular and abdominal, circumferences of arm, chest, waist and hip were measured. Body proportion indices were calculated. The questionnaire form provided information on parental education and profession, and the number of children in family. Girls were asked about age at menarche, number of daily meals, level of physical activity, participation is sport, and level of stress at home and at school. The principal component analysis was applied and 4 factors were extracted from the set of living condition characteristics (F1 -Parental education & father's occupation, F2 -Mother's occupation and the number of children, F3 -Stress, F4 -Physical activity and number of daily meals). Regression analysis allowed to evaluate the association of body build characteristics and age at menarche with the four factors. Factor 1 and 4 were the only ones which showed a statistically significant association with body build. The results showed that girls who were taller, with smaller arm and waist circumferences and less adiposity came from families with higher parental education and better father's profession. Taller stature, longer legs and less adiposity characterized girls who were more physically active and consumed more than three meals a day.

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Socioeconomic status and age at menarche: an examination of multiple indicators in an ethnically diverse cohort

Cited by 92 publications

References 38 publications

Early puberty in 11-year-old girls: Millennium Cohort Study findings

Early puberty in 11-year-old girls: Millennium Cohort Study findings

Childhood Socioeconomic Position and Pubertal Onset in a Cohort of Multiethnic Girls: Implications for Breast Cancer

Body structure and maturation – the association with environmental factors

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