Socioeconomic inequality in smoking and its determinants in the Islamic Republic of Iran

Emamian, Mohammad Hassan; Fateh, Mansooreh; Fotouhi, Akbar

doi:10.26719/2020.26.1.29

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Our finding of a low prevalence rate of cigarette smoking among women of reproductive age is consistent with evidence from Kenya, and a study of 42 low-and middleincome countries (LMICs) [9,18]. In contrast, relatively higher prevalence rates were found in other African countries, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and Southeast Asia [5,[19][20][21][22][23][24]. The differing prevalence is related to the stage of the epidemic in each country [9].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…On the determinants of cigarette smoking among women, evidence indicates that familial and partner influences [ 20 ], low income [ 4 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 21 , 22 , 26 , 27 ], low education [ 4 , 7 , 9 , 18 , 21 , 22 , 28 , 29 ], greater education [ 30 , 31 ], urban areas [ 5 , 7 , 21 ], rural areas [ 10 ], older age [ 5 , 18 , 19 , 27 ], younger age [ 26 ], being married [ 5 ], being formerly married (divorced/separated/widowed) [ 18 , 27 ], female-headed household [ 29 ], being employed [ 7 ], unemployment [ 4 ], perceiving distance as a problem in seeking healthcare [ 7 ], religion [ 27 ], severely food insecure women [ 32 ], depression and stress [ 26 ], narcissistic and impulsive personality traits [ 28 ], region heterogeneity [ 7 , 21 ], multiparity [ 4 ], television viewing [ 23 ], and intimate partner sexual violence [ 33 ] increased the likelihood of cigarette smoking among women of reproductive age.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Smoking prevalence rates among women were low in Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Mediterranean and East Asia regions (<10%), and relatively high in Eastern Europe, Latin America, and Southeast Asia (15%-21%) [19]. The prevalence rates ranged from 2 to 3 per cent in Senegal, Congo, Thailand, and China [20,21]; 5 to 7 per cent in Iran, Kazakhstan, and Pakistan [5,19]; and 12 to19 per cent in Iran, Mexico, South Africa, India, Brazil, United States of America, and Viet Nam [5,6,14,19,[22][23][24][25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determinants of cigarette smoking and smoking frequency among women of reproductive age in Nigeria: evidence from a nationwide cross-sectional survey

Ogbuabor

Igwe

2023

Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy

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Background Smoking is a leading cause of avoidable deaths and attributable disability-adjusted life years globally. Yet, the determinants of smoking practices among women are understudied. This study assessed the determinants of smoking and smoking frequency among women of reproductive age in Nigeria. Methods and materials Data from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) were used in this study (n = 41,821). The data were adjusted for sampling weight, stratification, and cluster sampling design. The outcome variables were smoking status and smoking frequency (daily smoking and occasional smoking). The predictor variables included women’s socio-demographic and household characteristics. Pearson’s chi-squared test was used to evaluate the association between outcome and predictor variables. All variables significant in bivariate analyses were further analysed using complex sample logistics regression. Statistical significance was set at a p-value < 0.05. Results The prevalence of smoking among women of reproductive age is 0.3%. The prevalence of smoking frequency is 0.1% (daily) and 0.2% (occasionally). Overall, women aged 25-34 (AOR = 2.13, 95%CI: 1.06-4.29, ρ = 0.034), residing in the South-south region (AOR = 9.45, 95%CI: 2.04-43.72, ρ <0.001), being formerly married (AOR = 3.75, 95%CI: 1.52-9.21, ρ = 0.004), in female-headed households (AOR = 2.56, 95%CI: 1.29-5.08, ρ = 0.007) and owning mobile phones (AOR = 2.10, 95%CI: 1.13-3.90, ρ = 0.020) were more likely to smoke. Whereas female-headed households (AOR = 4.34, 95%CI: 1.37-13.77, ρ = 0.013) and being formerly married (AOR = 6.37, 95%CI: 1.67-24.24, ρ = 0.007) predisposed to daily smoking, age 15-24 (AOR = 0.11, 95%CI: 0.02-0.64, ρ = 0.014) was protective of daily smoking among women. Owning mobile phones (AOR = 2.43, 95%CI: 1.17-5.06, ρ = 0.018) increased the odds of occasional smoking among women. Conclusions The prevalence rates of smoking and smoking frequency are low among women of reproductive age in Nigeria. Women-centred approaches to tobacco prevention and cessation must become evidence-informed by incorporating these determinants into interventions targeting women of reproductive age in Nigeria.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determinants of cigarette smoking and smoking frequency among women of reproductive age in Nigeria: evidence from a nationwide cross-sectional survey

Ogbuabor

Igwe

2023

Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy

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“…According to the official 2005 survey report, the prevalence of current smoking in Iran in 2005 was 14.2%, but two other studies using the same data reported that the prevalence of current tobacco use in 2005 was 12.3% and 17.0%. [ 28 29 ] Again, according to the official 2007 survey report, the prevalence of current smoking in 2007 was 12.27%, but two other studies using the same data reported that the prevalence of current tobacco use in 2007 was 14.8% and 13.5%. [ 28 30 ] The official 2011 survey report, reported that the prevalence of current smoking was 10.91% (9.97 to 11.93) but another study with the same data sowed the prevalence of current tobacco use in 2011 was 13.5%[ 27 ] and other secondary study using this data reported that the prevalence of current cigarette smokers was 9.6%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Tobacco Use in Adults; 2016 Nationally Representative Household Survey in Iran

Riazi-Isfahani

Abdi

Sheidaei

et al. 2022

International Journal of Preventive Medicine

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Background: Tobacco use is an established preventable risk factor for many noncommunicable diseases and is considered as an important indicator for monitoring progress towards Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study aimed to determine the situation of tobacco use among Iranian adults using 2016 household survey. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of the data from 2016 nationally representative STEPwise approach to Surveillance (STEPs) survey with a sample size of 31,050. The data on tobacco consumption was gathered using questions incorporated in the survey questionnaire. Results: The prevalence of current tobacco use in Iran was 25.2 % (24.4-25.9) in men versus 4% (3.7-4.3) in women. The prevalence was higher in rural areas and among second wealth group. The prevalence of current daily cigarette smoking was 20.1% (19.4-20.7) in men versus 0.9% (0.8-1.1) in women). Average number of cigarettes per day among current cigarette smokers was 14.5% (14.1-14.9), mean age at start smoking among daily cigarette smokers was 21.6% (21.1-22), and 95.2% (94.4-96) of daily current daily cigarette smokers attempted for cessation during past 12 months. Prevalences of exposure to secondhand cigarette smoke among nonsmokers at homes and workplaces were 23.21% (22.65-23.76) and 18.04% (17.2-18.87), respectively. Conclusions: There was a large difference between the prevalence of tobacco use between men and women (25.2% vs. 4%). Higher prevalences of tobacco use in rural areas and among lower wealth quintiles require more equity-based approaches in tobacco combatting actions.

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“…Low-SES households spend a larger proportion of their budget on tobacco consumption compared to those with higher SES [ 30 ]. Tobacco consumption and its inequality are a kind of complex phenomenon with multiple determinants [ 31 , 32 ]. The way these inequalities occur and knowing their contributing factors can provide valuable information for developing effective interventions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

National and regional economic inequalities in first- and second-hand tobacco consumption among women of reproductive ages in Iran

Arabi,

Jahanmehr,

Khoramrooz

2023

BMC Public Health

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Introduction The epidemic of tobacco consumption is one of the major public health threats the world has been facing so far. This study was performed to investigate the economic inequalities in tobacco consumption among women of reproductive ages at national and regional levels in Iran. Methods We used data from 10,339 women of reproductive ages (18–49 years) who participated in Iran’s 7th Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Surveillance (STEPS). Wagstaff normalized concentration index and decomposition method were applied to measure economic inequalities in first- and second-hand tobacco consumption and determine their corresponding contributory factors, respectively. Results The prevalence of women’s first-hand tobacco consumption, and their exposure to second-hand smoke in the home, and workplace were 3.6%, 28.3%, and 8.4%, respectively. First- and second-hand tobacco consumption was significantly more concentrated among low-economic women. Exposure to home second-hand smoke, education, and economic status had the largest contributions to the measured inequality in first-hand tobacco consumption (48.9%, 38.9%, and 30.8%, respectively). The measured inequality in women’s secondhand smoke exposure at home was explained by their level of education (43.8%), economic status (30.3%), and residency in rural areas (18%), and at work by residency in rural areas (42.2%), economic status (38.8%), and level of education (32%). Our results also revealed diversity in the geographical distribution of inequalities in rural and urban areas and five regions of the country. Conclusion The present study highlighted the need for more enforcement of tobacco control rules and increasing tobacco taxes as general measures. Furthermore, there is a need for gender-sensitive initiatives at national and regional levels to educate, support, and empower low-economic women and households for tobacco cessation, and complying with restrictive smoking rules.

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Socioeconomic inequality in smoking and its determinants in the Islamic Republic of Iran

Cited by 8 publications

References 30 publications

Determinants of cigarette smoking and smoking frequency among women of reproductive age in Nigeria: evidence from a nationwide cross-sectional survey

Determinants of cigarette smoking and smoking frequency among women of reproductive age in Nigeria: evidence from a nationwide cross-sectional survey

Prevalence of Tobacco Use in Adults; 2016 Nationally Representative Household Survey in Iran

National and regional economic inequalities in first- and second-hand tobacco consumption among women of reproductive ages in Iran

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