Socioeconomic Disparities in Age of Initiation and Ever Tobacco Smoking: Findings from Romania

Kaleta, Dorota; Usidame, Bukola; Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Elżbieta; Makowiec-Dąbrowska, Teresa

doi:10.21101/cejph.a4067

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…These are in line with the overall positive effects of high SES on childhood cognition, emotions, and behaviors [19]. For example, children from higher SES families are less likely to show school drop-out [20] and emotional [21][22][23] and behavioral problems [24,25]. These SES effects are non-specific and are attributed to the protective effects of resources and lower stress in childhood.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Parental Education, Household Income, Race, and Children’s Working Memory: Complexity of the Effects

Akhlaghipour

Assari

2020

Brain Sciences

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Background. Considerable research has linked social determinants of health (SDoHs) such as race, parental education, and household income to school performance, and these effects may be in part due to working memory. However, a growing literature shows that these effects may be complex: while the effects of parental education may be diminished for Blacks than Whites, household income may explain such effects. Purpose. Considering race as sociological rather than a biological construct (race as a proxy of racism) and built on Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs), this study explored complexities of the effects of SDoHs on children’s working memory. Methods. We borrowed data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The total sample was 10,418, 9- and 10-year-old children. The independent variables were race, parental education, and household income. The primary outcome was working memory measured by the NIH Toolbox Card Sorting Test. Age, sex, ethnicity, and parental marital status were the covariates. To analyze the data, we used mixed-effect regression models. Results. High parental education and household income were associated with higher and Black race was associated with lower working memory. The association between high parental education but not household income was less pronounced for Black than White children. This differential effect of parental education on working memory was explained by household income. Conclusions. For American children, parental education generates unequal working memory, depending on race. This means parental education loses some of its expected effects for Black families. It also suggests that while White children with highly educated parents have the highest working memory, Black children report lower working memory, regardless of their parental education. This inequality is mainly because of differential income in highly educated White and Black families. This finding has significant public policy and economic implications and suggests we need to do far more than equalizing education to eliminate racial inequalities in children’s cognitive outcomes. While there is a need for multilevel policies that reduce the effect of racism and social stratification for middle-class Black families, equalizing income may have more returns than equalizing education.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Parental Education, Household Income, Race, and Children’s Working Memory: Complexity of the Effects

Akhlaghipour

Assari

2020

Brain Sciences

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“…Adolescents from low and high SES experience vastly different social and economic adversity levels, thus showing considerable brain function changes [15][16][17]. As a result of poor brain development, adolescents from low SES families become at risk of undesired cognitive, emotional, and behavioral outcomes such as poor school performance [18], depression [19], anxiety [20,21], antisocial behaviors [22], aggression [23], and sexual initiation [24][25][26], as well as the use of tobacco [27,28], alcohol [29,30], and other drugs [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parental Education and Left Lateral Orbitofrontal Cortical Activity during N-Back Task: An fMRI Study of American Adolescents

et al. 2021

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Introduction. The Orbitofrontal Cortex (OFC) is a cortical structure that has implications in cognition, memory, reward anticipation, outcome evaluation, decision making, and learning. As such, OFC activity correlates with these cognitive brain abilities. Despite research suggesting race and socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as parental education may be associated with OFC activity, limited knowledge exists on multiplicative effects of race and parental education on OFC activity and associated cognitive ability. Purpose. Using functional brain imaging data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, we tested the multiplicative effects of race and parental education on left lateral OFC activity during an N-Back task. In our study, we used a sociological rather than biological theory that conceptualizes race and SES as proxies of access to the opportunity structure and exposure to social adversities rather than innate and non-modifiable brain differences. We explored racial variation in the effect of parental educational attainment, a primary indicator of SES, on left lateral OFC activity during an N-Back task between Black and White 9–10 years old adolescents. Methods. The ABCD study is a national, landmark, multi-center brain imaging investigation of American adolescents. The total sample was 4290 9–10 years old Black or White adolescents. The independent variables were SES indicators, namely family income, parental education, and neighborhood income. The primary outcome was the average beta weight for N-Back (2 back versus 0 back contrast) in ASEG ROI left OFC activity, measured by functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) during an N-Back task. Ethnicity, age, sex, subjective SES, and family structure were the study covariates. For data analysis, we used linear regression models. Results. In White but not Black adolescents, parental education was associated with higher left lateral OFC activity during the N-Back task. In the pooled sample, we found a significant interaction between race and parental education on the outcome, suggesting that high parental education is associated with a larger increase in left OFC activity of White than Black adolescents. Conclusions. For American adolescents, race and SES jointly influence left lateral OFC activity correlated with cognition, memory, decision making, and learning. Given the central role of left lateral OFC activity in learning and memory, our finding calls for additional research on contextual factors that reduce the gain of SES for Black adolescents. Cognitive inequalities are not merely due to the additive effects of race and SES but also its multiplicative effects.

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“…43 [57][58][59] (DHS 2016), less pronounced in Greece 60,61 and Romania. 62,63 The Kyrgyz Republic forms an exception, where higher wealth and education correlate with increased cigarette use; however, SLT is more common among the less educated (DHS 2012). A lack of knowledge on the adverse health effects of tobacco, [64][65][66][67][68][69] low health literacy, 70,71 and illiteracy in general, [72][73][74] play an important role in tobacco use.…”

Section: Comparison Of Global Burden Of Disease Study Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The FRESHAIR4Life study: Global implementation research on non-communicable disease prevention targeting adolescents’ exposure to tobacco and air pollution in disadvantaged populations

Hoffman,

Versluis,

Chirila

et al. 2023

Preprint

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In the FRESHAIR4Life study, we aim to reduce the non-communicable disease (NCD) burden by implementing preventive interventions targeting adolescents’ exposure to tobacco use and air pollution (AP). This paper presents the methodology of FRESHAIR4Life and initial rapid review results. The rapid review showed variable NCD mortality rates related to tobacco use and AP exposure in the five participating countries. Tobacco is the predominant risk factor for NCD-related deaths in the Kyrgyz Republic, Greece, and Romania, whereas AP exposure causes most NCD-related deaths in Pakistan and Uganda. Adolescents’ risk factor exposure, sources of exposure, and trends also differ significantly. As the next step in FRESHAIR4Life, an in-depth situational analysis will inform the selection, adaptation, and integration of evidence-based interventions into the FRESHAIR4Life prevention package. Subsequently, this package will be implemented, evaluated, and iteratively refined. Throughout the research process, a strong emphasis is on co-creation, capacity building, and comprehensive communication and dissemination.

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Socioeconomic Disparities in Age of Initiation and Ever Tobacco Smoking: Findings from Romania

Cited by 14 publications

References 30 publications

Parental Education, Household Income, Race, and Children’s Working Memory: Complexity of the Effects

Parental Education, Household Income, Race, and Children’s Working Memory: Complexity of the Effects

Parental Education and Left Lateral Orbitofrontal Cortical Activity during N-Back Task: An fMRI Study of American Adolescents

The FRESHAIR4Life study: Global implementation research on non-communicable disease prevention targeting adolescents’ exposure to tobacco and air pollution in disadvantaged populations

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