Socioeconomic differences in the menopausal experience of Chinese women

Huseth-Zosel, Andrea; Strand, Mark; Perry, Judith

doi:10.1177/2053369114544729

Cited by 11 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Occupational classification may affect menopausal onset, with manual workers experiencing it earlier than white collar employees in two studies (42,43), although the relationship between early onset menopause and heavy physical work conditions is disputed elsewhere (44). Non-white collar occupational status may be a risk factor in the burdensomeness of menopausal symptoms (15). From a wider economic purview, Mvundura's (2007) (45) econometric study of menopause and labour market outcomes ascertained that menopause creates an increased supply of women in the US labour market, and that women who are perimenopausal are more likely to be self-employed than those who are postmenopausal.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Many surveys have noted that women who are employed (compared to women not in paid employment) report fewer (5,8,9,10,11,12) and/or less severe, intense or burdensome (13,14,15) symptoms, exhibit different health behaviour and greater knowledge in relation to menopause (16,17,18,19), and reach natural menopause at a later age (20,21,22,23). (31) and use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has also been linked to work status in some studies, suggesting that women in paid employment are more likely to take HRT (32,33).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Menopause in the workplace: What employers should be doing

et al. 2016

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Menopause in the workplace: What employers should be doing

et al. 2016

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“…For women in casual work, musculoskeletal symptoms of joint and muscle stiffness, aches, and pains, particularly in the legs, back, shoulders and neck, were the commonest and worst symptom of the menopause [ 22 , 23 ]. Within cohorts of employed women by contrast, hot flushes were slightly [ 33 ] or significantly [ 31 ] more prevalent.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Menopausal symptoms and work: A narrative review of women's experiences in casual, informal, or precarious jobs

2021

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Governments, employers, and trade unions are increasingly developing “menopause at work” policies for female staff. Many of the world’s most marginalised women work, however, in more informal or insecure jobs, beyond the scope of such employment protections. This narrative review focuses upon the health impact of such casual work upon menopausal women, and specifically upon the menopausal symptoms they experience. Casual work, even in less-then-ideal conditions, is not inherently detrimental to the wellbeing of menopausal women; for many, work helps manage the social and emotional challenges of the menopause transition. Whereas women in higher status work tend to regard vasomotor symptoms as their main physical symptom, women in casual work report musculoskeletal pain as more problematic. Menopausal women in casual work describe high levels of anxiety, though tend to attribute this not to their work as much as their broader life stresses of lifelong poverty and ill-health, increasing caring responsibilities, and the intersectionally gendered ageism of the social gaze. Health and wellbeing at menopause is determined less by current working conditions than by the early life experiences (adverse childhood experiences, poor educational opportunities) predisposing women to poverty and casual work in adulthood. Approaches to supporting menopausal women in casual work must therefore also address the lifelong structural and systemic inequalities such women will have faced. In the era of COVID-19, with its devastating economic, social and health effects upon women and vulnerable groups, menopausal women in casual work are likely to face increased marginalisation and stress. Further research is need.

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“…Although the significant associations between demographic factors and reporting menopausal symptoms have been confirmed in the literature, the direction of the associations was inconsistent. One group of studies reported that those with low educational attainment or homemakers were more likely to report menopausal symptoms (Gold et al 2006; Huseth-Zosel, Strand, and Perry 2014). The other group of studies reported that those who were employed or had higher levels of education or income were more likely to report menopausal symptoms (Bawar et al 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationships of multiple factors to menopausal symptoms in different racial/ethnic groups of midlife women: The structural equation modeling

Chang

Chee

2018

Women & Health

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The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationships of multiple factors to menopausal symptoms in different racial/ethnic groups of midlife women. This secondary analysis was conducted with the data from 980 midlife women that were collected from 2005 to 2013 using the Midlife Women's Symptom Index. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The model had the highest fit indices for non-Hispanic (NH) White midlife women, and prominent racial/ethnic differences were observed in the relationships of multiple factors to menopausal symptoms. In all racial/ethnic groups (except in Hispanic women), perceived health status was significantly positively associated with menopausal symptoms (β = -0.149 for NH African-American; β = -0.207 for NH Asians; β = -0.162 for NH Whites). Body mass index was significantly positively associated with menopausal symptoms only in NH Asians (β = 0.118) and Hispanics (β = 0.210). The racial/ethnic differences in the relationships of multiple factors to menopausal symptoms could have resulted from the different cultural contexts in which women undergo during their menopausal transitions. Further cultural studies on the associations of racial/ethnic-specific factors with menopausal symptoms would help in understanding possible causes for racial/ethnic differences in the factors significantly associated with menopausal symptoms.

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Socioeconomic differences in the menopausal experience of Chinese women

Abstract: As Chinese women age and continue working longer, they will spend increasing amounts of time postmenopausal and in the workplace. The development of worksite-based health programmes would be advantageous to female workers of menopausal age in China.

Cited by 11 publications

References 24 publications

Menopause in the workplace: What employers should be doing

Menopause in the workplace: What employers should be doing

Menopausal symptoms and work: A narrative review of women's experiences in casual, informal, or precarious jobs

The relationships of multiple factors to menopausal symptoms in different racial/ethnic groups of midlife women: The structural equation modeling

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