Socioeconomic determinants of rural women's desired fertility: A survey in rural Shaanxi, China

Wei, Jiang-Chun; Xue, Jianhong; Wang, Duolao

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202968

Cited by 31 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 55 publications

(73 reference statements)

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“…At the stage of UTCP, the SRB of rural women has declined to normal level, which is same as that of the urban women. The average lifetime desired birth for the rural women of childbearing age was about 1.71, below the total birth rate at the replacement level [28]. Women's marriage age, the pecuniary costs of having children, and social security benefits available for rural residents at retirement age, were significantly and negatively related to the willingness of giving birth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

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How does the two-child policy affect the sex ratio at birth in China? A cross-sectional study

Fan¹,

Xiao

Zhang³

et al. 2020

BMC Public Health

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Background The One-Child Policy led to the imbalance of the sex ratio at birth (SRB) in China. After that, Two-Child Policy was introduced and gradually liberalized at three stages. If both the husband and wife of one couple were the only child of their parents, they were allowed to have two children in policy (BTCP). If only one of them was the only child, they were allowed to have two children in policy (OTCP). The Universal Two-Child Policy (UTCP) allowed every couple to have two children. The objective of this study was to explore the changing trend of SRB at the stages of Two-Child Policy, to analyze the effect of population policy on SRB in terms of maternal age, delivery mode, parity, maternal education, delivery hospital, and to figure out what factors have greater impact on the SRB. Methods The data of the study came from Hebei Province Maternal Near Miss Surveillance System, covered the parturients delivered at 28 gestation weeks or more in 22 hospitals from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2017. We compared the SRB at different policy stages, analyzed the relationship between the SRB and population policy by logistic regression analysis. Results Total 270,878 singleton deliveries were analyzed. The SRB, 1.084 at BTCP, 1.050 at OTCP, 1.047 at UTCP, declined rapidly (χ2 = 15.97, P < 0.01). With the introduction of Two-Child Policy, the percentage of parturients who were 30–34, ≥35 years old rose significantly, and the percentage of multiparous women increased significantly (40.7, 47.2, 56.6%). The neonatal mortality declined significantly (8.4‰, 6.7‰, 5.9‰, χ2 = 44.49, P < 0.01), the mortality rate of female infant gradually declined (48.2, 43.7, 43.9%). The logistic regression analysis showed the SRB was correlated to the three population policy stages in terms of maternal age, delivery mode, parity, maternal education, delivery hospital. Conclusions The SRB has declined to normal level with the gradually liberalizing of Two-Child Policy in China. Advanced maternal age, cesarean delivery, multiparous women, middle level education, rural hospital are the main factors of effect on the decline of the SRB.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…numerous negative consequences and had significant impact on childbearing decisions [20,27]. Evidence shows that China has entered an era of low birth rate [28], any restriction policies on birth may no longer be necessary. In fact, after the Two-Child Policy, the birth rate did not increase sharply.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How does the two-child policy affect the sex ratio at birth in China? A cross-sectional study

Fan¹,

Xiao

Zhang³

et al. 2020

BMC Public Health

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“…This study found that people with college or higher education showed a lower propensity to have induced abortions, but their pregnancies were more likely to be aborted. Higher-educated people were more likely to use effective contraception to reduce the risk of unwanted pregnancy, but they also demonstrated less of a desire to have children [15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in the Prevalence of Induced Abortion in the Floating Population in Major Cities of China 2007–2014

Wang

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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Objective: Our aim was to assess the changes in induced abortion in different migrant groups in China between 2007 and 2014 and the contraceptive methods used prior to induced abortion. Methods: The studies of two population-based cross sections were conducted in urban China, involving 9146 sexually active migrant women. Within the selected sociodemographic subgroups, the changes in the percentage of women who had induced abortions, the proportion of pregnancies ending in induced abortions, the causes of induced abortions, and the methods of contraception were identified. A chi-squared test was used to calculate the differences in induced abortion in the subgroups. Results: Between 2007 and 2014, in the study groups from the major cities of China, the percentage of sexually active migrant women who had induced abortions increased 10.1%, from 21.8% to 24.0%. The proportion of pregnancies ending in induced abortions increased 23.7%, from 21.5% to 26.6%. Both of the aforementioned statistics increased significantly within most of the selected sociodemographic subgroups, especially in the 18–19 and 45–49 age groups. Over 50% of pregnancies were aborted in the cohabiting group, although this figure declined by 12.3% over the course of the seven-year study period. Contraceptive failure was the primary cause of induced abortion, although its contribution to induced abortion declined from 51.3% to 42.4%. The proportion of women not using contraception prior to induced abortion increased from 30.9% to 41.2%. Conclusion: The prevalence of induced abortion is high and continues to increase among sexually active migrant women in China. An increasing trend is forecasted over the next few decades. Special attention should be paid to the younger cohort of migrant women, especially 18–19-year-olds, and unmarried cohabitants, who are increasingly seeking induced abortions.

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“…Fertility intent is regarded as a predictor of fertility behaviour;5 and in addition to policy, intent to procreate is also influenced by individual, social, economic and cultural factors 4 6. Several investigators have reported on the intent to have a second child in China (which varies from 13.2% to 69.3%) and its associated factors, including age, occupation, educational level, and gender of the first child 4–8. However, these studies were principally conducted in particular populations or settings, such as a rural population, women attending outpatient gynaecology clinics, or women from one specific province.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intent to have a second child among Chinese women of childbearing age following China’s new universal two-child policy: a cross-sectional study

Liu

Zhang³

et al. 2019

BMJ Sex Reprod Health

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IntroductionChina’s one-child policy was replaced by a new universal two-child policy in 2015; however, few studies have addressed the intent to have a second child and resulting related issues.MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional study on 11 991 Chinese women, 18–49 years of age, from 11 provinces in 2016–2017, in order to assess the intent for a second child among Chinese women of childbearing age and other related factors after the introduction of China’s new universal two-child policy.ResultsWe found that the overall prevalence of the intent to have a second child was 39.4% and that economic, childrearing, and health barriers affected fertility intent. Multivariate logistic regression models showed that the age range of 25–39 years (aOR 1.28–1.30), living in Eastern (aOR 1.28, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.50) or Central China (aOR 1.52, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.78), living in a rural area (aOR 1.62, 95% CI 1.47 to 1.78), being a farmer (aOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.88), having a higher household income (aOR 1.13, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.28), having a history of abortion (aOR 1.18, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.31), and already having one child (aOR 3.65 for girls, aOR 2.70 for boys) were associated with a greater intent to have a second child (all p<0.05). Conversely, economic, health, childrearing, and educational barriers were associated with a lower intent to have a second child (aOR 0.65–0.75).ConclusionFour in ten women of childbearing age demonstrated an intent for a second child. We maintain that fertility-related factors be given full consideration when promoting the two-child policy.

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Socioeconomic determinants of rural women's desired fertility: A survey in rural Shaanxi, China

Cited by 31 publications

References 55 publications

How does the two-child policy affect the sex ratio at birth in China? A cross-sectional study

How does the two-child policy affect the sex ratio at birth in China? A cross-sectional study

Changes in the Prevalence of Induced Abortion in the Floating Population in Major Cities of China 2007–2014

Intent to have a second child among Chinese women of childbearing age following China’s new universal two-child policy: a cross-sectional study

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