Socioeconomic and environmental factors associated with malaria hotspots in the Nanoro demographic surveillance area, Burkina Faso

Abstract

Background With limited resources and spatio-temporal heterogeneity of malaria in developing countries, it is still difficult to assess the real impact of socioeconomic and environmental factors in order to set up targeted campaigns against malaria at an accurate scale. Our goal was to detect malaria hotspots in rural area and assess the extent to which household socioeconomic status and meteorological recordings may explain the occurrence and evolution of these hotspots. Methods Data on malaria cases from 2010 to 2014 and on socioeconomic and meteorological factors were acquired from four health facilities within the Nanoro demographic surveillance area. Statistical cross correlation was used to quantify the temporal association between weekly malaria incidence and meteorological factors. Local spatial autocorrelation analysis was performed and restricted to each transmission period using Kulldorff’s elliptic spatial scan statistic. Univariate and multivariable analysis were used to assess the principal socioeconomic and meteorological determinants of malaria hotspots using a Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) approach. Results Rainfall and temperature were positively and significantly associated with malaria incidence, with a lag time of 9 and 14 weeks, respectively. Spatial analysis showed a spatial autocorrelation of malaria incidence and significant hotspots which was relatively stable throughout the study period. Furthermore, low socioeconomic status households were strongly associated with malaria hotspots (aOR = 1.21, 95% confidence interval: 1.03–1.40). Conclusion These fine-scale findings highlight a relatively stable spatio-temporal pattern of malaria risk and indicate that social and environmental factors play an important role in malaria incidence. Integrating data on these factors into existing malaria struggle tools would help in the development of sustainable bottleneck strategies adapted to the local context for malaria control. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-019-6565-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Effect of Free Healthcare Policy for Children under Five Years Old on the Incidence of Reported Malaria Cases in Burkina Faso by Bayesian Modelling: “Not only the Ears but also the Head of the Hippopotamus”

“…Temperature and precipitation were not significantly associated with malaria in this study. Studies on malaria carried out in Burkina Faso at the local level (Commune of Nanoro and Ouagadougou) assessing the temporal relationship between weekly rainfall and temperature data and weekly malaria cases showed a significant association [60,61]. The findings in our study could be partly explained by the type of data used to assess this relationship.…”

Spatio-temporal variation of malaria hotspots in central Senegal, 2008-2012

“…Mali [15,34,44], while P. falciparum carrier hotspots were shown to be stable in Kenya [8]. The data on parasite carriage were not available in our study.…”

“…This program has already focused on hotspots: focal test and treat, focal screen and test, focal drug administration, epidemic response indoor residual spraying, primaquine single low-dose [43]. It should be noted that our approach is similar to that used in other studies conducted in Mali and Burkina Faso [33,34,44].…”

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“…Data on individuals and household characteristics are updated during regular 4-monthly household visits. Malaria incidence is seasonal (three periods of incidence) 33 and remains the main disease in this area, accounting for about 45.0% of all consultations and 52.1% of hospitalizations. In this area, the level of adherence to first-line antimalarial drugs seems to be good (86.0%).…”