Socioeconomic and Ecological Impact Analysis of Rubber Cultivation in Southeast Asia

Vongkhamheng, Chansack; Zhou, Jing; Beckline, Mukete; Phimmachanh, Sythud

doi:10.4236/oalib.1102339

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Furthermore, these environmental problems may be magnified even more per projected future climate change in the region [3]. Intensified Para rubber production has also negatively impacted biodiversity in production areas located in Thailand and other subregions in Southeast Asia [63].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Para Rubber Expansion on Streamflow and Other Water Balance Components of the Nam Loei River Basin, Thailand

Wangpimool

Pongput

Tangtham

et al. 2016

Water

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At present, Para rubber is an economical crop which provides a high priced product and is in demand by global markets. Consequently, the government of Thailand is promoting the expansion of Para rubber plantations throughout the country. Traditionally, Para rubber was planted and grown only in the southern areas of the country. However, due to the Government's support and promotion as well as economic reasons, the expansion of Para rubber plantations in the northeast has increased rapidly. This support has occurred without accounting for suitable cultivation of Para rubber conditions, particularly in areas with steep slopes and other factors which have significant impacts on hydrology and water quality. This study presents the impacts of Para rubber expansion by applying the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model on the hydrology and water balance of the Nam Loei River Basin, Loei Province. The results showed that the displacement of original local field crops and disturbed forest land by Para rubber production resulted in an overall increase of evapotranspiration (ET) of roughly 3%. The major factors are the rubber canopy and precipitation. Moreover, the water balance results showed an annual reduction of about 3% in the basin average water yield, especially during the dry season.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Para Rubber Expansion on Streamflow and Other Water Balance Components of the Nam Loei River Basin, Thailand

Wangpimool

Pongput

Tangtham

et al. 2016

Water

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“…The rubber tree is widely reported and extensively explored in the literature by many authors regarding its broader representation. In the year 2000, a total of about 6.8 million metric tons of natural rubber from para rubber was produced globally, which increased to over 12 million metric tons in 2013 [1]. The increased global demand for non-synthetic rubber due to population growth, coupled with related innovations may have helped to spur the expansion of rubber plantations in recent years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Assessment of Para Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) above Ground Biomass Potentials in Songkhla Province, Southern Thailand

et al. 2021

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Currently, Songkhla Province of Thailand has been recognized as a convenient hub of rubber industry development, accompanied by an attendant abundance of rubber tree plantations. A spatialized assessment of the rubber tree was carried out to estimate its aboveground biomass potentials using remote sensing techniques and ecosystem modeling procedures. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite-based estimations of the net primary productivity were derived and complemented with a calculated generic model, to quantify the respective above ground biomass potentials para rubber. Above ground biomass assessment findings revealed a mean value of 82.1 tonnes C ha−1 and an aggregate of 31. 9 million tonnes C ha−1 which is the theoretical potential, this is segregated into energy usable, and other economic purpose biomass potentials, with corresponding value ranges of 1624.1 to 6,041,531.2 million tonnes C ha−1 and 85.5 to 317,975.6 thousand tonnes C ha−1 respectively. Besides the theoretical above ground biomass potential (entire biomass accumulation ratio) commonly evaluated, the other potentials, which include naturally obtainable biomass usable for energy generation and the remaining share of the feedstock for non-energy uses, have been brought to light. Songkhla province has the potential for good carbon sink and sustainable supply of different pools of feedstock from the rubber tree that reinforces each other in providing a comprehensive view of biomass in energy and non-energy opportunities. The socioeconomic production and value chain analysis of the identified biomass pools needs to be evaluated; this will consequently guide policy toward a comprehensive rubber sector sustainable development.

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“…Meanwhile, due to the rapid industrial and economic development, some changes in land usage occurred in middle 1980's and therefore large plantation were converted for industrial, commercial, and residential uses. In addition, large quantities of wastewater are presently produced by rubber processing factories in Asia and Africa, this discharge to soil and water bodies poses a lot of environmental danger [1][2][3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of Low-Strength Rubber Industry Wastewater Using a Combined Adsorbents and Membrane Technologies

Nasir¹,

Erl²,

Susanti³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The discharge of liquid waste from rubber industry poses a significant threat to human beings and environment; therefore, it ought to be addressed. Meanwhile, activated sludge technologies are usually used in Indonesia by this industry to handle liquid waste and tackle discharge issues. The combined adsorbents and hybrid membrane UF/RO were proposed in this study to decrease contaminants parameter of rubber industry wastewater (RIW). Furthermore, to achieve this goal three steps of treatments were applied in the current experiment. The first step is filtration using sand filter columns containing silica sand and activated carbon. In addition, the second stage is categorized by adsorption using three types of adsorbents, namely calcium carbide residue (CCR), coal fly ash (CFA) and bentonite. The third stage is separation process using adsorbents and UF/RO. This investigation was conducted using three types of adsorbents arranged in series configuration followed by UF/RO.Results showed that combined adsorbent (CCR-CFA-bentonite) followed by UF/RO membranes increases the acidity of RIW from 4.70 to 7.28 with removal efficiency of turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solid (TSS), ammonia-nitrogen (AN), and total nitrogen (TN) at 99.0, 88.1, 92.5, 89.5, and 67.5%, respectively.The currently proposed method is advantageous because it does not require a long processing time or an intensive treatment area. This is applicable in rubber industries wastewater treatment process and is therefore an alternative method to active sludge technologies. In addition, final permeate RO are potentially used as clean water for rubber factory needs.

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Socioeconomic and Ecological Impact Analysis of Rubber Cultivation in Southeast Asia

Cited by 9 publications

References 14 publications

The Impact of Para Rubber Expansion on Streamflow and Other Water Balance Components of the Nam Loei River Basin, Thailand

The Impact of Para Rubber Expansion on Streamflow and Other Water Balance Components of the Nam Loei River Basin, Thailand

Spatial Assessment of Para Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) above Ground Biomass Potentials in Songkhla Province, Southern Thailand

Treatment of Low-Strength Rubber Industry Wastewater Using a Combined Adsorbents and Membrane Technologies

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