Socioeconomic and cultural differentials in mortality in a late 19th century urban setting: A linked records study from Tartu, Estonia, 1897-1900

Jaadla, Hannaliis; Puur, Allan; Rahu, Kaja

doi:10.4054/demres.2017.36.1

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Additionally, other studies of different historical contexts before the modern period found only minor social differences in adult mortality for men or for both sexes combined (Alfani and Bonetti 2019;Bengtsson and Dribe 2011;Edvinsson 1992;Edvinsson and Broström 2012;Edvinsson and Lindkvist 2011;Smith 1983). Two studies investigating gender differences in mortality by socioeconomic status in Sweden and Estonia found a mortality advantage for higher-status women but not for higher-status men around the turn of the twentieth century (Dribe and Eriksson 2018;Jaadla et al 2017). In some cases, higher-status men even have a higher mortality than lower-status men, most likely as a result of adverse lifestyles (Dribe and Eriksson 2018;Razzell and Spence 2006).…”

Section: A Changing Gradient Over Time?mentioning

confidence: 98%

When Did the Health Gradient Emerge? Social Class and Adult Mortality in Southern Sweden, 1813–2015

2020

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Across today's developed world, there is a clear mortality gradient by socioeconomic status for all ages. It is often taken for granted that this gradient was as strong-or even stronger-in the past when social transfers were rudimentary and health care systems were less developed. Some studies based on cross-sectional data have supported this view, but others based on longitudinal data found that this was not the case. If there was no gradient in the past, when did it emerge? To answer this question, we examine social class differences in adult mortality for men and women in southern Sweden over a 200year period, using unique individual-level register data. We find a systematic class gradient in adult mortality emerging at ages 30-59 only after 1950 for women and after 1970 for men, and in subsequent periods also observable for ages 60-89. Given that the mortality gradient emerged when Sweden transitioned into a modern welfare state with substantial social transfers and a universal health care system, this finding points to lifestyle and psychosocial factors as likely determinants.

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Section: A Changing Gradient Over Time?mentioning

confidence: 98%

When Did the Health Gradient Emerge? Social Class and Adult Mortality in Southern Sweden, 1813–2015

2020

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“…This resulted in crowding, malnutrition, unsanitary living conditions and the spread of diseases such as tuberculosis, typhus, cholera and syphilis. Many people were exposed to a higher risk of dying, as well as to respiratory, gastro-intestinal and metabolic diseases (Sharpe, 2012;Jaadla et al, 2017). Moreover, the working and living environments did not have any official regulations, frequently making them hazardous spaces.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life Across the River: Exploring the Impact of Urbanisation in 18th–19th Century Panevėžys

Brindzaitė

2020

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Studies aimed at considering the impact of industrialisation, urbanisation and modernisation on human health in 19th-century society are becoming increasingly relevant. Although it is exceptionally rare to encounter human skeletal material from the 19th century in present-day Lithuania, this study explores whether changes which occurred in that century had any impact on human health. This research presents the preliminary results of an anthropological analysis of the human remains discovered in Panevėžys Cemetery, with material spanning the 18th–19th centuries. In total, 90 individuals were examined, including 57 males, 15 females and 18 nonadult individuals. Fractures and nonspecific inflammatory lesions were the most prevalent pathological changes. However, the values of the average height of males and females did not reveal a significant change in stature. Overall, the results demonstrated inconsistent evidence of the effects of urbanisation on the skeletal population. It can be concluded that both the sample size and the observed pathologies represent only part of the community. Therefore, a more representative sample and additional analyses are required in the future, to provide comprehensive results and more solid conclusions.

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“…Adjustments to mortality for estimating the number of births by the age of the mother are based on single-year life tables (Jaadla et al, 2017). 1 We also perform linear regression to analyse the effect of socio-economic status on fertility, in which the dependent variable is the number of own children below the age of five alive during the census.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More is known about the mortality environment and socio-economic discrepancies in child mortality in Tartu (Jaadla & Klesment, 2014;Jaadla, Puur, & Rahu, 2017). Although child mortality had fallen during the second half of the nineteenth century the infant mortality rate for 1897-1900 was still 144 per 1000 live births (134 for legitimate births), although Tartu boasted a large number of medical facilities and personnel (Kalnin, 1980).…”

Section: The Historical Context Of Tartumentioning

confidence: 99%

Socio-economic status and fertility in an urban context at the end of the nineteenth century: a linked records study from Tartu, Estonia

Gortfelder

Jaadla

Klesment

2020

The History of the Family

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The topic of socio-economic fertility differences and its causes during the demographic transition has received a significant amount of attention in historical demography. With few exceptions, however, the previous studies have dealt with Western Europe. This paper increases the geographic range of the literature and investigates the influence of socioeconomic status on marital fertility in an urban population of Tartu, a mid-sized university town in Estonia. Unlike previous studies, we perform both a cross-sectional analysisusing census data to analyse net marital fertilityand event history analysisusing linked-records sample to analyse the probability of next birth after the census. We measure socio-economic status based on the husband's occupation, but also include information on the level of her education, employment and migration status. In line with the literature, our results confirm that women belonging to the highest social group to have considerably lower marital fertility in the early phase of transition. However, there is no linear social gradient in fertility in Tartu.Instead, we find women married to professionals and skilled workers to have higher fertility, whereas low fertility is exhibited also by women married to men working in the low-wage service sector. We fail to find any support that the educational level of the woman was differentiating fertility in the late nineteenth century Tartu. We relate these patterns in fertility to both adjustment to structural forces as well as innovation and diffusion of new demographic behaviour experienced by the local urban population during the fertility transition.

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Socioeconomic and cultural differentials in mortality in a late 19th century urban setting: A linked records study from Tartu, Estonia, 1897-1900

Cited by 7 publications

References 62 publications

When Did the Health Gradient Emerge? Social Class and Adult Mortality in Southern Sweden, 1813–2015

When Did the Health Gradient Emerge? Social Class and Adult Mortality in Southern Sweden, 1813–2015

Life Across the River: Exploring the Impact of Urbanisation in 18th–19th Century Panevėžys

Socio-economic status and fertility in an urban context at the end of the nineteenth century: a linked records study from Tartu, Estonia

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