Sociodemographic and Personal Characteristics of Adolescents Engaged in Weight Loss and Weight/Muscle Gain Behaviors: Who Is Doing What?

Neumark‐Sztainer, Dianne; Story, Mary; Falkner, Nicole H.; Beuhring, Trish; Resnick, Michael D.

doi:10.1006/pmed.1998.0373

Cited by 197 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In contrast, the changes brought about by puberty theoretically move boys closer to the larger, more muscular ideal. However, the evidence regarding the trajectory of male body dissatisfaction indicates that adolescent boys are often split between those who desire to lose versus gain weight (McCabe, Ricciardelli, & Banfield, 2001;Moore, 1990;Neumark-Sztainer, et al, 1999). Although body mass emerged as a significant predictor of body dissatisfaction for boys in one prospective study (Field et al, 2001), another found null effects (Barker & Galambos, 2003).…”

Section: Body Massmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Skinny on Body Dissatisfaction: A Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Girls and Boys

Bearman

Presnell

Martinez

et al. 2006

J Youth Adolescence

419

334

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The present study tested whether theoretically derived risk factors predicted increases in body dissatisfaction and whether gender moderated these relations with data from a longitudinal study of 428 adolescent girls and boys because few prospective studies have examined these aims, despite evidence that body dissatisfaction increases risk for various psychiatric disturbances. Body dissatisfaction showed significant increases for girls and significant decreases for boys during early adolescence. For both genders parental support deficits, negative affectivity, and self-reported dietary restraint, but not Ideal body internalization, body mass index, and eating pathology, showed significant relations to future increases in body dissatisfaction; peer support deficits showed a marginal relation to this outcome. Gender did not moderate these relations, despite adequate power to detect interactive effects.

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Section: Body Massmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Skinny on Body Dissatisfaction: A Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Girls and Boys

Bearman

Presnell

Martinez

et al. 2006

J Youth Adolescence

419

334

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“…A maioria dos jovens acredita que os suplementos são eficazes (3)(4)(5) . Estudos mostram que os jovens estão preocupados com a aparência física e com o peso (6,7) , o que os leva a treinar por razões estéticas, ao invés do desempenho físico (8) . O atendimento nutricional em academias revela consumo indiscriminado (pouco documentado) de suplementos por praticantes de exercício.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Consumo de suplementos por jovens freqüentadores de academias de ginástica em São Paulo

Hirschbruch¹,

Fisberg

Mochizuki

2008

Rev Bras Med Esporte

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A preocupação com a aparência e a estética pode levar ao consumo indiscriminado de suplementos nas academias. Os fatores relacionados ao consumo de suplementos em 201 jovens entre 15 e 25 anos freqüentadores de academias de ginástica da cidade de São Paulo foram investigados através da aplicação de formulário próprio. O uso de suplementos é relatado por 61,2% (n = 123) da amostra. Os homens usam mais suplementos que as mulheres (p < 0,001) e os adolescentes tendem a utilizar mais que os adultos jovens (p = 0,07). Os suplementos mais utilizados são bebidas esportiva (12%), hipercalóricos (12%), aminoácidos (10%), proteínas (10%) e creatina (8%), basicamente por auto-prescrição (42,8%) e pela indicação de treinadores (27,5%). O consumo de suplementos é significativamente maior entre aqueles que se exercitam há mais tempo; freqüentam a academia há mais tempo; e ficam na academia mais horas/semana. Ter amigos usuários (p = 0,03) e/ou um usuário em casa (p = 0,01) influencia no consumo de suplementos. O consumo de suplementos é uma prática que faz parte da realidade das academias de ginástica e o ambiente é favorecedor do uso desses produtos.Palavras-chave: suplementação, adolescentes, nutrição esportiva. ABSTRACTThe concern with physical appearance and aesthetics in fitness centers can lead to an indiscriminate use of supplements. A questionnaire was used to investigate factors relating to supplement use among 201 young users of fitness centers in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Supplement use was reported by 61.2% (n = 23) of the sample. Men use more supplements than women (p < 0.001) and adolescents tend to use them more than young adults (p = 0.07). The supplements most used by this group are sports drinks (12%); high-calorie "gainers" (12%), amino acids (10%), proteins (10%) and creatine (8%). The supplements are taken trough own initiative (42.8%) and trainers' recommendation (27.5%). Those who have been exercising for a longer time, go more often to the fitness centers, and devote more time to exercise/week are significantly more involved in supplement use. The presence of user friends (p = 0.03) and/or a user at home (p = 0.01) also influences on the use of supplements. Supplement use is a widespread, common practice at fitness centers, whose environment favors their use.Keywords: supplements, fitness centers, adolescents, sports nutrition. INTRODUÇÃOA academia de ginástica é um local para a prática de exercícios físicos por indivíduos sem vínculos profissionais com o esporte. O ambiente das academias favorece a disseminação de padrões estéti-cos estereotipados, como o corpo magro, com baixa quantidade de gordura ou com elevado volume e tônus muscular (1) . Há pressão da sociedade e da mídia em relação ao corpo padrão, contribuindo para o aumento no uso de suplementos e anabolizantes (2) . Jovens fisicamente ativos são os usuários mais freqüentes de suplementos e podem enfrentar riscos. A maioria dos jovens acredita que os suplementos são eficazes (3)(4)(5) . Estudos mostram que os jovens estão preocupados co...

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“…5,6 The prevalence of a desire to be more muscular and the prevalence of using unhealthful methods to increase muscle mass or definition are less well studied. 7 Most [8][9][10][11][12] but not all studies 13 have found that use of anabolic steroids, a substance known to aid in increasing muscle mass, is more common among male than female individuals. For example, in a large cross-sectional study, Irving et al 9 observed that 5% of the boys and 3% of the girls had used steroids in the past year.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Steroid use was slightly less common in a cross-sectional study of 9118 7th-, 9th-, and 11th-grade students in Connecticut public schools, among whom ϳ2% of the boys had used steroids and the leanest boys were the most likely to report steroid use. 8 Some studies have observed an association between steroid use and participation in sports, 9,12 but others have not. 14 However, the studies are difficult to compare because some have included only athletes in their sample, thus precluding comparisons between athletes and nonathletes, 15 and some stud-ies have not provided estimates of the association with sports participation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to the Mass Media, Body Shape Concerns, and Use of Supplements to Improve Weight and Shape Among Male and Female Adolescents

et al. 2005

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ABSTRACT. Objective. To assess the prevalence and correlates of products used to improve weight and shape among male and female adolescents.Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted of 6212 girls and 4237 boys who were 12 to 18 years of age and enrolled in the ongoing Growing Up Today Study. The outcome measure was at least weekly use of any of the following products to improve appearance, muscle mass, or strength: protein powder or shakes, creatine, amino acids/hydroxy methylbutyrate (HMB), dehydroepiandrosterone, growth hormone, or anabolic/injectable steroids.Results. Approximately 4.7% of the boys and 1.6% of the girls used protein powder or shakes, creatine, amino acids/HMB, dehydroepiandrosterone, growth hormone, or anabolic/injectable steroids at least weekly to improve appearance or strength. In multivariate models, boys and girls who thought a lot about wanting more defined muscles (boys: odds ratio [OR]: 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-2.2; girls: OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.2-3.2) or were trying to gain weight (boys: OR: 3.0; 95% CI: 2.0 -4.6; girls: OR: 4.3; 95% CI: 1.6 -11.4) were more likely than their peers to use these products. In addition, boys who read men's, fashion, or health/fitness magazines (OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.1-4.9) and girls who were trying to look like women in the media (OR: 2.9; 95% CI: 1.4 -4.0) were significantly more likely than their peers to use products to improve appearance or strength, but hours per week watching television, watching sports on television, and participation in team sports were not independently associated with using products to improve appearance or muscle mass.Conclusions. Girls and boys who frequently thought about wanting toned or well-defined muscles were at increased risk for using potentially unhealthful products to enhance their physique. These results suggest that just as girls may resort to unhealthful means to achieve a low body weight, girls and boys may also resort to unhealthful means to achieve other desired physiques. A lthough weight concerns are less common among male than female individuals, recent data suggest that these concerns are becoming more prevalent. 1 Among female individuals, weight dissatisfaction increases with relative weight, but among male individuals, the relationship is more complicated. 2,3 For both male and female individuals, it is undesirable to be overweight, but for male individuals, it is also undesirable to be too lean or not sufficiently muscular. 2,4 Most of the research on body dissatisfaction has focused on a desire to be thin and the unhealthful methods that people, mainly female individuals, use to achieve that goal. 5,6 The prevalence of a desire to be more muscular and the prevalence of using unhealthful methods to increase muscle mass or definition are less well studied. 7 Most [8][9][10][11][12] but not all studies 13 have found that use of anabolic steroids, a substance known to aid in increasing muscle mass, is more common among male than female individuals. For example, in a large cross-sectional stud...

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Sociodemographic and Personal Characteristics of Adolescents Engaged in Weight Loss and Weight/Muscle Gain Behaviors: Who Is Doing What?

Cited by 197 publications

References 45 publications

The Skinny on Body Dissatisfaction: A Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Girls and Boys

The Skinny on Body Dissatisfaction: A Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Girls and Boys

Consumo de suplementos por jovens freqüentadores de academias de ginástica em São Paulo

Exposure to the Mass Media, Body Shape Concerns, and Use of Supplements to Improve Weight and Shape Among Male and Female Adolescents

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