Sociodemographic and clinical features of postpartum depression among Turkish women: a prospective study

Abstract

BackgroundPostpartum depression (PPD) is moderate to severe depression in a woman after she has given birth. Findings from several well-designed studies reflect great variability in rates, from 10 to 22%, and also in risk factors for PPD. This variability may reflect geographical location. The incidence and risk factors for PPD among Turkish women are not well documented. It is, however, important to understand the risk factors to develop preventive intervention strategies. This study aims to examine the prevalence of PPD and associated risk factors among a sample of women receiving services at a tertiary obstetrics hospital in Ankara, Turkey.MethodsA sample of 671 women, between 36 and 40 gestational weeks, were enrolled and screened for depressive symptomatology using the Hospital Depression Inventory. Sociodemographic and clinical data were also collected. At a subsequent postpartum evaluation, 6–8 weeks post-delivery, 540 of the 671 were screened using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for PPD.ResultsEighty-three (15.4%) of the 540 women had scores above the cutoff point (>13) on the EPDS. Statistically significant correlations were found between antenatal, prenatal and postpartum depression scores (r = 0.24). Women reporting suicidal thoughts during pregnancy (OR: 6.99), history of past PPD (OR: 6.64), physical violence during pregnancy (OR: 6.20) or during the postpartum period (OR: 5.87), previous psychiatric history (OR: 4.16), depressive symptoms during pregnancy (OR: 1.70), subjectively lower level of satisfaction with the pregnancy (OR:0. 69), a history of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) (OR: 2.05), and unplanned pregnancy (OR: 1.69) had higher odds for developing PPD.ConclusionOne in six mothers screened as positive for PPD. Women who had previously been diagnosed with PPD, reported suicidal thoughts during pregnancy, or had been exposed to physical violence were at especially high risk for postpartum depression. To prevent and treat postpartum depression, special attention should be paid to women reporting these characteristics.

Prevalence and Factors Associated With Depressive Symptoms Among Post-Partum Mothers in Jeddah.

“…Previous studies in Nepal and Saudi Arabia reported the prevalence of PPD 30-33% with cut off score ≥10,(2,3) also the results from Pakistan and India studies the prevalence was between 11%-40% , while in other studies with cut of ≥ 12 the prevalence was 6%-12% ,(2,12,13)and 15.4% in Turkish study with cut off ≥ 13, (7)this Varity in the prevalence rate could be due to the difference cut off, multi-cultural and multi-social factors, sample size and methods. (2,3,7,12,14,15) The findings of current study showed that mother aged more than 40 years are more likely to develop PPD than younger mother , similar results were found in Singapore Nepal and Canada studies the authors reported high prevalence of PPD among women aged 35-40 ,(1,2,16)in contrast in Turkey and Canada studies the authors reported high prevalence of PPD among young mother , (2,7,17,18,19) while in Saudi Arabia study the association was between older and younger age. Several studies investigated the association between PPD occurrence and sociodemographic data (mother's education and occupation , monthly income and father's education and occupation), (6,(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26) where the results showed contradictory evidence (1,2,3,7), in Nepal ,Singapore, turkey and Saudi study there was no association between mother's education level, occupation and low monthly income and PPD , (1,2,3,7)while in other studies there was positive association between PPD and mother's lower education , being a housewife , and lower monthly income,(2,3,7 27-32)also in 2007 study the authors reported significant association between lower partner education and occupationand PPD , (7,33) the current study showed consistent with previous study regarding mother low educational level and controversy result regarding mother occupation and monthly income, where the high prevalence of PPD was between working mothers and high monthly income.…”

Postpartum fatigue, self-care power of women and related factors

“…EPDS'nin kesme noktası 12-13 olarak hesaplanmış, ölçek puanı 12-13 ve daha fazla olan kadınlar yüksek depresyon risk grubu olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bu ölçek daha önce ülkemizde yapılan bazı çalışmalarda kullanılmıştır (41)(42)(43) . Ölçeğin bu çalışmadaki Cronbach's α iç tutarlılık katsayısı 0,83 olarak hesaplanmıştır.…”

“…Elde edilen puanın yüksek olması algılanan sosyal desteğin yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. Ölçeğin iç tutarlılıkta Cronbach Alfa katsayısı toplam ölçek için 0,89, aile, arkadaş ve özel insan desteği boyutları için sırası ile 0,85, 0,88 ve 0,92 olarak bildirilmiştir (43) . Bu ölçek daha önce ülkemizde yapılan bazı çalışma-larda kullanılmıştır (41,46) .…”

Pogimdyminių Depresinių Sutrikimų Ankstyvoji Diagnostika - Efektyvios Prevencijos Pagrindas

“…Remdamiesi biopsichosocialiniu psichikos sutrikimų genezės modeliu [23] parengėme pogimdyminės depresijos patogenezės schemą (1 lentelė).…”