Socio-Epidemiological Features and Spatial Distribution of Malaria in an Area under Mining Activity in the Brazilian Amazon Region

Ueno, Thalyta Mariany Rêgo Lopes; Lima, Luana Nepomuceno Gondim da Costa; Sardinha, Daniele Melo; Rodrigues, Yan Corrêa; Souza, Herberto Ueno Seelig de; Teixeira, Paula Ribeiro; Guimarães, Ricardo José de Paula Souza e; Lima, Karla Valéria Batista; Ventura, Ana Maria Revorêdo da Silva

doi:10.3390/ijerph181910384

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…In a village in Senegal, we have previously shown spatial clustering of P. falciparum infections with this method (14). The nding of spatial/spatiotemporal clustering is in line with previous studies close to the study sites (23,24,40,41) or in other malaria-endemic regions (22, 25-28, 30-39, 42-44), deploying the SaTScan scanning method.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…This method scans the study area for (size-variable) circular areas with statistically signi cant clustering of infections ('hotspots'). Such hotspots were identi ed in diverse study areas in South America (22)(23)(24)(25)(26), Africa (27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39), and South East Asia (9,(40)(41)(42)(43)(44), for P. falciparum (25,32,40,41), P. vivax (25,26,32,40,41), and P. malariae (40,41). However, the method's effectiveness in forecasting hotspots remains unclear and it does not generalize spatial patterns between infections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The spatial signature of Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum infections: Quantifying the clustering of infections in cross-sectional surveys and cohort studies

Sandfort,

Monteiro,

Lacerda

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: Over the last decades, enormous successes have been achieved in reducing malaria burden globally. In Latin America, South East Asia, and the Western Pacific, many countries now pursue the goal of malaria elimination by 2030. It is widely acknowledged that Plasmodium spp. infections cluster spatially so that interventions need to be spatially informed, e.g. spatially targeted reactive case detection strategies. We introduce the spatial signature method as a tool to quantify the distance around an index infection within which other infections significantly cluster.Methods: We considered data from cross-sectional surveys from Brazil, Thailand, Cambodia, and Solomon Islands, conducted between 2012 and 2018. Household locations were recorded by GPS and finger-prick blood samples from participants were tested for Plasmodium infection by PCR. We also included cohort studies from Brazil and Thailand with monthly sampling over a year from 2013 until 2014. We calculated the prevalence of PCR-confirmed infections at increasing distance around index infections (and growing time intervals in the cohort studies). Statistical significance was defined as prevalence outside of a 95%-quantile interval of a bootstrap null distribution after random re-allocation of locations of infections.Results: Prevalence of Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum infections was elevated in close proximity around index infections and decreased with distance in most study sites, e.g. from 21.3% at 0 km to the global study prevalence of 6.4% for P. vivax in the Cambodian survey. In the cohort studies, the clustering decreased with longer time windows. The distance from index infections to a 50% reduction of prevalence ranged from 25 m to 3,175 m, tending to shorter distances at lower global study prevalence. Conclusions: The spatial signatures of P. vivax and P. falciparum infections demonstrate spatial clustering across a diverse set of study sites, quantifying the distance within which the clustering occurs. The method offers a novel tool in malaria epidemiology, potentially informing reactive intervention strategies regarding radius choices of operations around detected infections and thus strengthening malaria elimination endeavours.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The spatial signature of Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum infections: Quantifying the clustering of infections in cross-sectional surveys and cohort studies

Sandfort,

Monteiro,

Lacerda

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…In addition, a previous study identified the land use for cattle production in the Carajás region of Pará as a risk factor between 2014 and 2018, although the current work found the principal unexpected contributor of cases in the Northwest region in Marajó region [ 25 ]. This study also identified mining as a risk factor in this region as a previous study found in Tapajós region [ 26 ]. However, the current calculated random effect did not show an unexpected increase in malaria risk by mining activities after 2015, suggesting that mining might maintain the same effect from previous years.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

On multifactorial drivers for malaria rebound in Brazil: a spatio-temporal analysis

Ayala

Bastos

Villela

2022

Malar J

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Background Malaria incidence in Brazil reversed its decreasing trend when cases from recent years, as recent as 2015, exhibited an increase in the Brazilian Amazon basin, the area with the highest transmission of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum. In fact, an increase of more than 20% in the years 2016 and 2017 revealed possible vulnerabilities in the national malaria-control programme. Methods Factors potentially associated with this reversal, including migration, economic activities, and deforestation, were studied. Past incidences of malaria cases due to P. vivax and P. falciparum were analysed with a spatio-temporal Bayesian model using more than 5 million individual records of malaria cases from January of 2003 to December of 2018 in the Brazilian Amazon to establish the municipalities with unexpected increases in cases. Results Plasmodium vivax incidence surpassed the past trends in Amazonas (AM), Amapá (AP), Acre (AC), Pará (PA), Roraima (RR), and Rondônia (RO), implying a rebound of these states between 2015 and 2018. On the other hand, P. falciparum also surpassed the past trends in AM, AC, AP, and RR with less severity than P. vivax incidence. Outdoor activities, agricultural activities, accumulated deforestation, and travelling might explain the rebound in malaria cases in RR, AM, PA, and RO, mainly in P. vivax cases. These variables, however, did not explain the rebound of either P. vivax and P. falciparum cases in AC and AP states or P. falciparum cases in RR and RO states. Conclusion The Amazon basin has experienced an unexpected increase in malaria cases, mainly in P. vivax cases, in some regions of the states of Amazonas, Acre, Pará, Amapá, Roraima, and Rondônia from 2015 to 2018 and agricultural activities, outdoor activities, travelling activities, and accumulated deforestation appear linked to this rebound of cases in particular regions with different impact. This shows the multifactorial effects and the heterogeneity of the Amazon basin, boosting the necessity of focusing the malaria control programme on particular social, economic, and environmental conditions.

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“…In addition, future decisions should be made on the effectiveness and proper enforcement of the law to reduce illegal environmental activities and address issues of voluntary compliance with stricter regulations or policies. Finally, it is important to highlight that the conditions and perception of artisanal, small-scale, and industrial mining by communities in the area of influence is similar to what is reflected in studies carried out in other countries such as Brazil [33], Colombia [74,75], Peru [32], Ghana [31], and Zambia [76], where it has caused are health problems, conflicts, and environmental impacts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…Currently, ASGM activities in developing countries are taking on greater interest in poor communities and areas [31][32][33]. This is no different in Ecuador, but it is important to highlight that these activities, such as all anthropic activities, generate an impact, with the difference being that the extraction of this precious material uses highly polluting elements such as Mercury (HG) and Cyanide (CN) that affect the atmosphere, water bodies, and soil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gold Mining in the Amazon Region of Ecuador: History and a Review of Its Socio-Environmental Impacts

Mestanza-Ramón

Cuenca-Cumbicus²,

D’Orio

et al. 2022

Land

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Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) and large-scale mining in the Ecuadorian Amazon region is potentially harmful to nature, and its impacts are associated with environmental degradation and deterioration of people’s health. So far, limited efforts have been directed at exploring the current situation and challenges facing the implementation of environmental policies in the country. The objective of this study focused on analyzing the historical and current situation and challenges of ASGM in the Amazon region of Ecuador in relation to a political perspective (laws), socioeconomic impacts (population displacement, loss of livelihoods, migration of people, cost of living, water scarcity, and health impacts), and environmental impacts (biotic and abiotic). The methodology used was based on a literature review and interviews, and information that was discussed through an expert judgment allowed for establishing challenges to improve ASGM management. The main results indicate that lack of community participation in decision-making, insufficient coordination between government institutions, communities, and miners, and lack of control of mining activities are factors that contribute to ineffective compliance with environmental policies in the gold mining sector in the Amazon. Finally, the study concludes by considering the socioeconomic and environmental scopes within its findings for implementing effective environmental and social policies in the Amazon region of Ecuador.

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Socio-Epidemiological Features and Spatial Distribution of Malaria in an Area under Mining Activity in the Brazilian Amazon Region

Cited by 9 publications

References 21 publications

The spatial signature of Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum infections: Quantifying the clustering of infections in cross-sectional surveys and cohort studies

The spatial signature of Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum infections: Quantifying the clustering of infections in cross-sectional surveys and cohort studies

On multifactorial drivers for malaria rebound in Brazil: a spatio-temporal analysis

Gold Mining in the Amazon Region of Ecuador: History and a Review of Its Socio-Environmental Impacts

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