Socio‐economic inequalities in the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular risk factors and chronic diabetic complications in the Basque Country, Spain

Larrañaga, Isabel; Arteagoitia, José M.; Rodriguez, Jorge Luis; Gonzalez, Franklyn; Esnaola, Santiago; Piniés, Jose A.

doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01598.x

Cited by 113 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In our study we observed that socioeconomic health was inversely related to the prevalence of diabetes, both for each country analysed individually and for the overall data. In accordance with other studies we have found that diabetes morbidity is associated with having a disadvantaged SEP [2,3,[8][9][10][11][12]. Previous studies that have analysed inequalities in diabetes mortality also have shown that people with a lower SEP have a higher risk of dying from diabetes [13][14][15].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…These factors are less access to and use of healthcare services and poorer quality of the care process, as well as lower levels of diabetes education and control of variables related to diabetes (e.g. glycaemia, weight, cholesterol) for patients that occupy a disadvantaged SEP [2,8,21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1]. Several studies in Europe have analysed the relationship between socioeconomic inequalities and chronic diseases [2,3] or mortality [4][5][6] and found an association between health and socioeconomic position-among populations of disadvantaged SEPs the majority of health indicators are worse.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this respect, cigarette smoking is associated with a low glomerular filtration rate [16] and dietary patterns may influence the risk of type 2 diabetes [17], and these health behaviours, as well as obesity, are related with SEP [19,20]. Other factors related to inequalities in diabetes mortality are socioeconomic differences in terms of access to and use and quality of healthcare services for patients with diabetes, including diabetes education and diabetes control [2,8,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Socioeconomic inequalities in diabetes mellitus across Europe at the beginning of the 21st century

et al. 2008

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Aims/hypothesis The aim of this study was to determine and quantify socioeconomic position (SEP) inequalities in diabetes mellitus in different areas of Europe, at the turn of the century, for men and women. Methods We analysed data from ten representative national health surveys and 13 mortality registers. For national health surveys the dependent variable was the presence of diabetes by self-report and for mortality registers it was death from diabetes. Educational level (SEP), age and sex were independent variables, and age-adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) and risk ratios (RRs) were calculated. ResultsIn the overall study population, low SEP was related to a higher prevalence of diabetes, for example men who attained a level of education equivalent to lower secondary school or less had a PR of 1.6 (95% CI 1.4-1.9) compared with those who attained tertiary level education, whereas the corresponding value in women was 2.2 (95% CI 1.9-2.7). Moreover, in all countries, having a disadvantaged SEP is related to a higher rate of mortality from diabetes and a linear relationship is observed. Eastern European countries have higher relative inequalities in mortality by SEP. According to our data, the RR of dying from diabetes for women with low a SEP Diabetologia (2008) 51:1971-1979 DOI 10.1007/s00125-008-1146 3.4 (95% CI 2.6-4.6), while in men it is 2.0 (95% CI 1.7-2.4). Conclusions/interpretation In Europe, educational attainment and diabetes are inversely related, in terms of both morbidity and mortality rates. This underlines the importance of targeting interventions towards low SEP groups. Access and use of healthcare services by people with diabetes also need to be improved.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Socioeconomic inequalities in diabetes mellitus across Europe at the beginning of the 21st century

et al. 2008

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“…A population-based, cross-sectional observational study with longitudinal analysis over 12 years conducted at East of Scotland by Liying Low et al showed that socioeconomic deprivation was associated with increased prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 DM, but not in patients with type 2 DM (3) . In Spain, socioeconomic status was not independently associated with DR (4) . The fact that people belonging to the upper class were less affected could be due to the increased health awareness among patients and the readily accessible medical facilities so that they seek medical attention at the earliest than the people from deprived classes of the society.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Influence of Socioeconomic and Demographic Factors on Diabetic Retinopathy

Kotancheri¹

2017

JMSCR

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Glycemic and Blood Pressure Control in an Asian Malay Population With Diabetes and Diabetic Retinopathy

Huang

Lamoureux²,

Tay³

et al. 2010

Arch Ophthalmol

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To examine the prevalence of and factors associated with suboptimal glycemic and blood pressure (BP) control in a Malay population with diabetes mellitus in Singapore. Methods: The Singapore Malay Eye Study was a population-based survey of 3280 Malay individuals (78.7% response rate) aged 40 to 80 years. Diabetes was defined as a nonfasting glucose level of 200 mg/dL or greater, use of diabetic medication, or physician diagnosis. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) was graded from retinal photographs using the modified Airlie House classification. Optimal control was defined as a hemoglobin A 1c level of less than 7% and BP of 130/80 mm Hg or lower. Results: In participants with diabetes (n = 768), only 26.9% had optimal glycemic and 13.4% optimal BP control, respectively. In those with DR (n=272), rates of optimal glycemic and BP control were even lower (17.4% and 10.3%, respectively). After adjusting for age, sex, socioeconomic status, and other factors, compared with participants with optimal glycemic control, those with suboptimal control were younger (P =.005), more likely to be unaware of their diabetes status (PϽ.001), and taking medication for diabetes (PϽ.001) and had higher levels of total cholesterol (P=.009) and DR (PϽ .001). After adjusting for similar risk factors, compared with participants with optimal BP control, those with suboptimal BP control were older (P =.006) and more likely to have higher total cholesterol levels (P = .002), BMIs (P =.04), and DR (P=.02). Conclusions: In this Asian Malay population with diabetes, more than three-quarters had poor glycemic and BP control. Strategies to improve awareness and implement evidence-based guidelines are needed to reduce the effect and burden of diabetic complications in Asia.

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Socio‐economic inequalities in the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular risk factors and chronic diabetic complications in the Basque Country, Spain

Cited by 113 publications

References 24 publications

Socioeconomic inequalities in diabetes mellitus across Europe at the beginning of the 21st century

Socioeconomic inequalities in diabetes mellitus across Europe at the beginning of the 21st century

Influence of Socioeconomic and Demographic Factors on Diabetic Retinopathy

Glycemic and Blood Pressure Control in an Asian Malay Population With Diabetes and Diabetic Retinopathy

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