Socio-economic and spatial correlates of subclinical iodine deficiency among pregnant women age 15–49 years in Tanzania

Mtumwa, Abdalla Hussein; Ntwenya, Julius Edward; Paul, Edwin; Huang, Megan; Vuai, Said

doi:10.1186/s40795-017-0163-1

Cited by 16 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…From the modest, this alteration extends and then noticeable neurological deviations may cause reduced learning levels and grades in school (Khattak, Khattak, Ittermann, & Völzke, 2017). By this way, ID hampers socioeconomic advancements among the population (Mtumwa, Ntwenya, Paul, Huang, & Vuai, 2017).…”

Section: Consequences Of Iodine Deficiency In Cognitive Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine consumption and cognitive performance: Confirmation of adequate consumption

Choudhry

Nasrullah

2018

Food Science & Nutrition

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Iodine, a dynamic nutrient present in thyroid hormones, is responsible for regulating thyroid function, supporting a healthy metabolism, and aiding growth and development. Iodine is also essential for brain development during specific time windows influencing neurogenesis, neuronal and glial cell differentiation, myelination, neuronal migration, and synaptogenesis. About 1.5 billion people in 130 countries live in areas at risk of iron deficiencies (IDs). Reduced mental ability due to IDs occurs in almost 300 million people. Ensuring the consumption of minimum recommended daily allowances of iodine remains challenging. The effects of ID disorders range from high mortality of fetuses and children to inhibited mental development (cretinism). Poor socioeconomic development and impaired school performance are also notable. Currently, ID disorders are the single greatest contributor to preventable brain damage in fetuses and infants and arrested psychomotor development in children. Iodized salt may help fulfill iodine requirements. Increases in food salt iodization programs can help overcome ID disorders. Dietary plans can be well adjusted to incorporate iodinated foods. Maternal iodine supplementation for offspring requires adequate attention. Fruits, vegetables, bread, eggs, legumes (beans and peas), nuts, seeds, seafood, lean meats and poultry, and soy products provide small quantities of iodine. Nutrient‐dense foods containing essential vitamins and minerals such as iodine may confer positive effects. To some extent, fortified foods and daily dietary supplements can be provided for different nutrients including iodine; otherwise, iodine may be consumed in less than the recommended amounts. This review focuses on aspects of adequate iodine consumption to avoid cognitive impairments.

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Section: Consequences Of Iodine Deficiency In Cognitive Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine consumption and cognitive performance: Confirmation of adequate consumption

Choudhry

Nasrullah

2018

Food Science & Nutrition

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“…Following the nutrition transition in Tanzania, [13][14][15] iodine overnutrition is accelerating 8,16 and is well documented in Dar es Salaam, especially among children. 6,17,18 Nonetheless, its contribution factor is undocumented.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Iodine Status and Discretionary Choices Consumption Among Primary School Children, Kinondoni Tanzania</p>

Venance

Martin

Kimiywe

2020

PHMT

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Background: Tanzania is one of the countries where excessive iodine intake has been reported, to intervene, the identification of possible causes is required. This study aimed to assess iodine status and determine the critical contributors to excessive iodine intakes in schoolchildren aged 8-14 years. Materials and Methods: A total of 288 school children were randomly selected in this school-based cross-sectional study in Kinondoni municipality, Tanzania. Household salt samples were analyzed using iodine rapid field test kit while that was collected from retailers/wholesalers by iodometric titration. Spot urine samples were collected and analyzed for iodine levels using a modified microplate method following the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. A lifestyle questionnaire was administered to schoolchildren to assess their eating frequency of discretionary foods and salts. Results: The mean salt iodine content was 53.94 ± 13.02, and over 90% of household salt was iodized. Median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 401 µg/L indicating excessive iodine intake, and one-third of the children had UIC >500 µg/L. Nearly all school children consume discretionary choices as snacks or part of a meal. Potato chips and fried cassava were the top two discretionary choices consumed with discretionary salt use (67.3%). Potato chips (adjusted odds ratio [AOR=9.04, 95% CI: 3.61-22.63]), fried cassava (AOR=11.08, 95% CI: 3.45-35.54) and groundnuts consumption for 4-7 days/week (AOR = 0.30 95% CI: 0.09-1.0) were significantly associated with iodine intake. Conclusion and Recommendation: The evidence of excessive iodine intakes observed in previous studies and in this study should alert the policymakers to consider adjustment of the amount of iodine added to salt along with the obligation of reducing discretionary foods and salt intake.

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“…The iodization of salt is the most cost-effective and simplest method of preventing IDD with a cost of only $US 0•02-0•05 per individual per year (1) . The WHO/UNICEF/International Council for the Control of IDD recommends a national rate of iodized salt of at least 90 % (19) , but low socio-economic households in SSA are less likely to buy iodized salt (20,21) . While the rates of non-iodized salt consumption in SSA countries have decreased considerably since the introduction of universal salt iodization (USI) in 1994 by the WHO and UNICEF, information about the independent factors that contribute to the consumption of non-iodized salt among women of reproductive age in SSA countries is limited and little is known about the use of non-iodized salt among women during pregnancy.…”

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confidence: 99%

Non-iodized salt consumption among women of reproductive age in sub-Saharan Africa: a population-based study

Ssentongo

Liao

et al. 2020

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To identify countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) that have not yet achieved at least 90 % universal salt iodization and factors associated with the consumption of non-iodized salt among women of reproductive age. Design: A cross-sectional study using data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). The presence of iodine in household salt (iodized or non-iodized), which was tested during the survey process, was the study outcome. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine independent factors associated with the consumption of non-iodized salt among women of reproductive age. Setting: There were eleven countries in SSA that participated in the DHS since 2015 and measured the presence of iodine in household salt. Participants: Women (n 108 318) aged 15–49 years. Results: Countries with the highest rate of non-iodized salt were Senegal (29·5 %) followed by Tanzania (21·3 %), Ethiopia (14·0 %), Malawi (11·6 %) and Angola (10·8 %). The rate of non-iodized salt was less than 1 % in Rwanda (0·3 %), Uganda (0·5 %) and Burundi (0·8 %). Stepwise multivariable logistic regression showed that women were more likely to be using non-iodized salt (adjusted OR; 95 % CI) if they were poor (1·62; 1·48, 1·78), pregnant (1·16; 1·04, 1·29), aged 15–24 years (v. older: 1·14; 1·04, 1·24) and were not literate (1·14; 1·06, 1·23). Conclusions: The use of non-iodized salt varies among SSA countries. The higher level of use of non-iodized salt among poor, young women and pregnant women is particularly concerning.

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Socio-economic and spatial correlates of subclinical iodine deficiency among pregnant women age 15–49 years in Tanzania

Cited by 16 publications

References 24 publications

Iodine consumption and cognitive performance: Confirmation of adequate consumption

Iodine consumption and cognitive performance: Confirmation of adequate consumption

<p>Iodine Status and Discretionary Choices Consumption Among Primary School Children, Kinondoni Tanzania</p>

Non-iodized salt consumption among women of reproductive age in sub-Saharan Africa: a population-based study

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