Socio-Demographic Factors Influencing Monkeypox Vaccination Intentions Among Healthcare Workers and the General Population of Makurdi, Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Background Monkeypox, now known as mpox, is a viral zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) and is endemic to parts of Central and West Africa. Historically considered a regional health issue, mpox has gained global attention due to recent outbreaks in non-endemic regions. In 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) following widespread transmission in countries where the virus had not been previously reported. This declaration was renewed in August 2024 after a surge in cases, particularly across Africa, including the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and neighboring countries, where a more transmissible strain (Clade 1b) has rapidly spread, complicating efforts to control its transmission. Objective This study evaluated the socio-demographic factors that influenced monkeypox vaccination intentions among healthcare workers and the general population in Benue State, Nigeria. The findings provide insights into key determinants of vaccine hesitancy and acceptance, aimed at informing future public health interventions to improve vaccine uptake. Methodology This cross-sectional study, conducted from July to September 2024 in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria, evaluated socio-demographic factors influencing monkeypox vaccination intentions among healthcare workers (HCWs) and high-risk populations. The study, prompted by the WHO's declaration of monkeypox as a PHEIC, surveyed 377+ participants including HCWs, people living with HIV, and men who have sex with men. Results Key findings revealed significant differences in vaccination intentions based on marital status (p-value = 0.02), with no significant variations by gender or age. COVID-19 vaccination status was associated with monkeypox vaccination intentions. The 30-60 age group demonstrated the highest monkeypox awareness (75.2%). Healthcare workers showed high vaccination intent (83%) and were identified as the most reliable information source (p-value = 0.03). Higher education levels correlated with greater vaccine trust (p-value = 0.003), while lower education was linked to reduced awareness and increased stigma perceptions. Conclusion The study recommends enhancing HCW training, addressing socioeconomic barriers to vaccination, implementing targeted education campaigns, and focusing on trust-building strategies. Limitations include the study's urban focus and potential language barriers. In conclusion, socio-demographic factors significantly influence monkeypox vaccination intentions, underscoring the need for targeted interventions and improved vaccine access to mitigate the impact of monkeypox in Nigeria and affected regions.