Socio-demographic, Epidemiological and Environmental Determinants of Acute Gastroenteritis in Western India

Rupani, Mihir P.; Trivedi, Atul; Singh, Manindra Pratap; Tundia, Mohnish N; Patel, Kaushal N; Parikh, Khushali Dharmesh; Parmar, Vijay B

doi:10.31729/jnma.2809

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…The fact that we did not find a significant association between drinking water coliform counts (total or fecal) and reported GI symptoms was not entirely unexpected, since similar studies in India and Mexico also did not find direct associations between water bacterial indicators and GI symptoms [ 32 , 47 ]. A study in Alabama found that drinking water bacterial indicators were associated specifically with vomiting and diarrhea prevalence, but not with general GI symptoms [ 30 ].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 48%

“…Studies in other regions have found no correlations between microbial contamination and consumer ratings of water taste [ 28 – 30 ]. In contrast, de Queiroz et al found that familiarity of the water source characteristics (taste, odor, and color) plays a strong role in consumer preferences and risk perception, and Rupani et al observed that a change in taste of the water was correlated with increased risk of gastrointestinal symptoms [ 31 , 32 ]. In a study of household perceptions of water in Minnesota, Scher et al found that higher manganese concentration was associated with greater concern about taste, odor, or color of the water, but that 54% of respondents whose well water had concentrations of Mn above 300 micrograms per liter ( μ g/L) were not very concerned with the taste, odor, or color of their water [ 33 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the Kathmandu Valley, although arsenic has been reported in drinking water at levels up to 0.265 milligrams per liter (mg/L) [46], cases of arsenicosis have not yet been reported. A number of studies have compared the presence of specific contaminants in drinking water to incidence of disease in consumers of that water [32,[47][48][49][50][51][52]. However, no studies from Kathmandu have reported connections between specific chemical contaminants in water and incidence of human disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Drinking Water Quality and Public Health in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: Coliform Bacteria, Chemical Contaminants, and Health Status of Consumers

Sarkar

Mitchell²,

Frisbie

et al. 2022

Journal of Environmental and Public Health

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Residents of Nepal’s Kathmandu Valley draw drinking water from tube wells, dug wells, and stone spouts, all of which have been reported to have serious water quality issues. In this study, we analyzed drinking water samples from 35 tube wells, dug wells, stone spouts, and municipal tap water for bacterial and chemical contaminants, including total and fecal coliform, aluminum, arsenic, barium, beryllium, boron, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, fluoride, iron, mercury, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, antimony, selenium, thallium, uranium, vanadium, and zinc. We also asked a sampling of households who used these specific water sources to rate the taste of their water, list any waterborne diseases they were aware of, and share basic health information about household members. This survey provided us with information from 146 households and 603 individuals. We found widespread bacterial contamination of water sources, with 94% of sources having detectable total or fecal coliform. Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standards and World Health Organization (WHO) Drinking-Water Guidelines or health-based values were exceeded for aluminum (max = 0.53 mg/L), arsenic (max = 0.071 mg/L), iron (max = 7.22 mg/L), and manganese (max = 3.229 mg/L). The distribution of water sources with high arsenic, iron, and manganese appeared to be associated with floodplain deposits. Mixed effects logistic regression models were used to examine the interactions between social factors and water contaminants and their effects on household members’ health. Consumers of water sources with both high and low concentrations of manganese were less likely to have a positive attitude towards school than those whose water sources had moderate concentrations of manganese. Social factors, especially education, played a large role in predicting individual health outcomes. Household taste ratings of drinking water were not correlated with iron or manganese concentrations, suggesting that WHO’s reliance on aesthetic criteria for these contaminants instead of formal drinking-water guidelines may not be sufficient to protect public health.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 48%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Drinking Water Quality and Public Health in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: Coliform Bacteria, Chemical Contaminants, and Health Status of Consumers

Sarkar

Mitchell²,

Frisbie

et al. 2022

Journal of Environmental and Public Health

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“…With the exception of conductivity (42.10%), turbidity (62.10%), and iron (82.10%), the majority of the samples' physicochemical characteristics were found to be within the WHO's permissible range, according to Shrestha 2002). In contrast, de Queiroz et al, discovered that familiarity with water source characteristics (taste, odor, and color) influences consumer preferences and risk perception, and Rupani et al, discovered that a change in water taste was associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal symptoms (Queiroz et al, 2019, andRupani et al, 2016). According to a study of Minnesotan households' perceptions of water by Ocher et al, higher manganese concentrations were linked to greater concern about the taste, odor, or color of the water, but 54% of respondents whose well water had Mn concentrations above 300 micrograms per liter (g/L) were not particularly concerned about those factors (Escheret et al, 2021).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Property Analysis of the Drinking Water Supply in Baglung Bazaar

Budhathoki

Sapkota

2023

KMC J.

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The study objective is to evaluate the current drinking water quality in Baglung Bazar. In this investigation, the physio-chemical characteristics of water samples were assessed using tried-and-true techniques. To gauge the degree of bacterial contamination, the total number of coliforms was measured using a conventional membrane filtering method. Random water samples were taken and examined from a number of locations close to Baglung Bazar. The mean water sample’s temperature was 22.3°C. Maximum and minimum temperatures were reported in S6 (24.7°C) and S10, respectively (18.9°C). In filtered water samples, the pH was found to range from 7.29 to 8.1, which is within the acceptable range at the time of the study. The S7, S3, and S8 taps’ electrical conductivity measurements showed minimum and maximum values of 70 S/Cm and 145 S/Cm, respectively. All of the samples were within the 20 to 35 mg/L range for hardness. The iron readings typically recorded ranged from 0.10 to 0.35 mg/L. The S2, S4 and S8 contained the highest concentrations (0.30 mg/L and 0.35 mg/L, respectively). It was found that none of the samples in the current investigation contained Arsenic. Out of 10 sources examined, six (60%) were Coliform-free, while 40 (40%) were determined to be contaminated with total Coliform. The results of the investigation back up the claim that the drinking water in Baglung Bazar is currently unsatisfactory and unsafe for direct consumption. To prevent the spread of waterborne diseases, drinking water must be frequently tested and cleansed before use.

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Socio-demographic, Epidemiological and Environmental Determinants of Acute Gastroenteritis in Western India

Cited by 2 publications

References 1 publication

Drinking Water Quality and Public Health in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: Coliform Bacteria, Chemical Contaminants, and Health Status of Consumers

Drinking Water Quality and Public Health in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: Coliform Bacteria, Chemical Contaminants, and Health Status of Consumers

Property Analysis of the Drinking Water Supply in Baglung Bazaar

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