Society of Hair Testing guidelines for drug testing in hair

Cooper, Gail; Kronstrand, Robert; Kintz, Pascal

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.10.024

Cited by 599 publications

(476 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…On the other hand, if washing is performed, then the choice of solvent and wash conditions can have a significant impact on the resulting CORT values. The Society of Hair Testing has published guidelines for selecting an appropriate solvent to minimize hair swelling and potential solute elution from the interior of the hair matrix during the washing process 15 . Although these recommendations were developed for application to drug testing in hair, they are relevant for steroid analysis as well.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction and Analysis of Cortisol from Human and Monkey Hair

Meyer

Novak

Hamel

et al. 2014

JoVE

134

151

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The stress hormone cortisol (CORT) is slowly incorporated into the growing hair shaft of humans, nonhuman primates, and other mammals. We developed and validated a method for CORT extraction and analysis from rhesus monkey hair and subsequently adapted this method for use with human scalp hair. In contrast to CORT "point samples" obtained from plasma or saliva, hair CORT provides an integrated measure of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system activity, and thus physiological stress, during the period of hormone incorporation. Because human scalp hair grows at an average rate of 1 cm/month, CORT levels obtained from hair segments several cm in length can potentially serve as a biomarker of stress experienced over a number of months.In our method, each hair sample is first washed twice in isopropanol to remove any CORT from the outside of the hair shaft that has been deposited from sweat or sebum. After drying, the sample is ground to a fine powder to break up the hair's protein matrix and increase the surface area for extraction. CORT from the interior of the hair shaft is extracted into methanol, the methanol is evaporated, and the extract is reconstituted in assay buffer. Extracted CORT, along with standards and quality controls, is then analyzed by means of a sensitive and specific commercially available enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit. Readout from the EIA is converted to pg CORT per mg powdered hair weight. This method has been used in our laboratory to analyze hair CORT in humans, several species of macaque monkeys, marmosets, dogs, and polar bears. Many studies both from our lab and from other research groups have demonstrated the broad applicability of hair CORT for assessing chronic stress exposure in natural as well as laboratory settings. Video LinkThe video component of this article can be found at

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction and Analysis of Cortisol from Human and Monkey Hair

Meyer

Novak

Hamel

et al. 2014

JoVE

134

151

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“…(2) RCU and DCU did not differ significantly with regard to concentrations of amphetamines, methylphenidate, MDMA and opiates. (3) For both RCU and DCU, concentrations of amphetamines and opiates were below the recommended cut-off value of 200 pg/mg (Cooper et al 2012), indicating no regular use of these drugs over the past 6 months. Although the MDMA concentrations for RCU and DCU were above the cut-off value for MDMA, it is noteworthy that these concentrations are rather low and substantially lower than cocaine concentrations.…”

Section: Self-reported and Objective Drug Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Altered social and non-social decision-making in recreational and dependent cocaine users

et al. 2013

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Background Maladaptive decision-making is assumed to be a core feature of cocaine addiction. Indeed, numerous studies have reported deficits in non-social decision-making tasks and reward-related impulsivity in dependent cocaine users. However, social decision-making has not been examined in cocaine users yet. Moreover, it is unknown if even recreational and non-dependent cocaine use is linked to decisionmaking deficits. Therefore, we investigated whether recreational and dependent cocaine users exhibit alterations in social and non-social decision-making. Method The performance of healthy controls (n = 68), recreational cocaine users (n = 68) and dependent cocaine users (n = 30) in classical decision-making paradigms (Iowa Gambling Task, Delay Discounting) and in social interaction paradigms (Distribution Game, Dictator Game) was assessed. Results Decisions in the social interaction tasks of both cocaine user groups were more self-serving compared with controls as cocaine users preferred higher monetary payoffs for themselves. In the Iowa Gambling Task, only dependent cocaine users were more likely to choose disadvantageous card decks, reflecting worse decision-making. They were also more likely to choose immediate smaller rewards over larger delayed rewards in the Delay Discounting task. Conclusions Our results imply that both recreational and dependent cocaine users are more concerned with their own monetary gain when interacting with another person. Furthermore, primarily dependent cocaine users are less foresighted and more impulsive regarding immediate reward. Overall, social interaction deficits are already present in recreational users, while non-social decision-making deficits occur predominantly in dependent cocaine users. Thus, social interaction training and cognitive remediation strategies may improve treatment success and quality of life in cocaine dependence.

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“…Validated data from this study indicate that the method's linearity, accuracy, precision, LOD, and LOQ meet international standards for the hair analysis of MA, but not for AM. The Society of Hair Testing (SoHT) [21] recommends 0.2 ng/mg as the cutoff for the analysis of MA in hair, but it acknowledges the standards of the French Society of Analytical Toxicology (SFTA), which recommends a cutoff of 0.5 ng/mg [22]. In our study, the LOQ of 0.5 ng/mg for MA complied with the SFTA guideline and was used as the cutoff for our analysis of MA in hair.…”

Section: Methods Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation and application of hair analysis for the detection of methamphetamine in young Thai adults

et al. 2014

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Background:To date, blood and urine analyses have been the major methods of detecting methamphetamine (MA) use in Thailand. Recently, hair analysis has been introduced as an alternative and complementary procedure. Objectives: To validate a simple, rapid, and economical method of analyzing hair for MA and its metabolite, amphetamine (AM). Methods: The analysis employed solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Simplicity, rapidity, and economy were achieved, in part, by optimizing SPME conditions and by eliminating deuterated reagents and the derivatization step in GC-MS. The validated method was employed to detect and quantify MA in 1,111 hair samples of young Thai research volunteers who reported using MA in the form of so-called "yaba" tablets at least 3 times during the previous 3 months. Results: Validated data from the study indicated that the method's linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) met international standards for hair analysis of MA. Expressed as ng of MA per mg of hair (ng/mg), the LOQ was 0.5 ng/mg (102.39% accuracy, 5.46% precision). The method was less sensitive for quantification of AM in hair, with a LOQ of 2.5 ng/mg (103.41% accuracy, 6.95% precision). Using 0.5 ng/mg as a cutoff in the analysis of samples provided by admitted MA users, the study yielded an overall detection rate for MA of 35.5%, with a range of 0.51-54.61 ng/mg; the mean MA level was 4.90 ± 6.78 (±SD) ng/mg. Thirty-one percent of the participants reported they had consumed fewer than 10 yaba tablets during the previous 3 months. Of this group, 29% had hair samples that tested positive for MA. Detection rates trended upwards with increased yaba use. No relationship was found between the number of yaba tablets reportedly consumed and the concentration of MA detected in hair. Conclusions: This study validated a rapid, simple, and economical SPME/GC-MS technique for quantification of MA in hair. The method was less sensitive for quantification of AM.

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Society of Hair Testing guidelines for drug testing in hair

Cited by 599 publications

References 9 publications

Extraction and Analysis of Cortisol from Human and Monkey Hair

Extraction and Analysis of Cortisol from Human and Monkey Hair

Altered social and non-social decision-making in recreational and dependent cocaine users

Validation and application of hair analysis for the detection of methamphetamine in young Thai adults

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