Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance/European Society of Cardiovascular Imaging/American Society of Echocardiography/Society for Pediatric Radiology/North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging Guidelines for the use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in pediatric congenital and acquired heart disease

Abstract

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has been utilized in the management and care of pediatric patients for nearly 40 years. It has evolved to become an invaluable tool in the assessment of the littlest of hearts for diagnosis, pre-interventional management and follow-up care. Although mentioned in a number of consensus and guidelines documents, an up-to-date, large, stand-alone guidance work for the use of CMR in pediatric congenital 36 and acquired 35 heart disease endorsed by numerous Societies involved in the care of these children is lacking. This guidelines document outlines the use of CMR in this patient population for a significant number of heart lesions in this age group and although admittedly, is not an exhaustive treatment, it does deal with an expansive list of many common clinical issues encountered in daily practice.

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance pulmonary perfusion for guidance of interventional treatment of pulmonary vein stenosis

“…While CMR represents the acknowledged reference standard for ventricular volume and function assessment and 3D CMR angiography is well established for visualization of PV anatomy prior to catheter ablation procedures, CMR pulmonary perfusion was so far missing within the diagnostic armamentarium of CMR imaging for PV stenosis assessment. Currently, the hemodynamic severity of PV obstruction in children or adults with congenital heart disease is mainly determined by flow measurements in the PVs and arteries in the affected and unaffected lungs [ 17 , 18 ]. Altered flow profiles, increased peak flow velocities or flow redistribution have been used as indicators of significant PV obstruction [ 17 , 19 , 20 ].…”

“…Currently, the hemodynamic severity of PV obstruction in children or adults with congenital heart disease is mainly determined by flow measurements in the PVs and arteries in the affected and unaffected lungs [ 17 , 18 ]. Altered flow profiles, increased peak flow velocities or flow redistribution have been used as indicators of significant PV obstruction [ 17 , 19 , 20 ]. With the addition of CMR pulmonary perfusion imaging depicting the pulmonary microcirculatory level as proposed in the current study, further improvements regarding diagnosis and stratification of congenital heart disease patients can be expected in the future.…”

Comparison between diaphragmatic-navigated and self-navigated coronary magnetic resonance angiography at 3T in pediatric patients with congenital coronary artery anomalies

“…Coronary magnetic resonance angiography (CMRA) is a noninvasive and radiation-free imaging modality that has proven valuable in diagnosing CAAs ( 6 , 7 ). The clinical guidelines recommend that CMRA be applied in pediatric patients with CAAs for diagnosis and preoperative planning (class I, level of evidence B) ( 8 ). The most common conventional approach to correcting respiratory motion is a diaphragmatic-navigated (dNAV) CMRA.…”

Optimized Three-Dimensional Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Whole Heart Imaging Utilizing Non-Selective Excitation and Compressed Sensing in Children and Adults with Congenital Heart Disease

“…Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has become a diagnostic cornerstone in children and adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) [1,2]. Current guidelines for the management of CHD patients acknowledge CMR imaging as the accepted reference standard for ventricular volume and function assessment, blood flow measurements and myocardial tissue characterization [3][4][5].…”