Societal production and careers of PhDs in chemistry and biochemistry in France and Japan

Abstract

International audienceUntil quite recently, in all of the industrialised countries, PhD students were educated to form the elite and the managerial class of universities and public research bodies. Their careers depended primarily on the academic labour market. Since the late 1980s, the "production of PhDs" has become a much-discussed economic and social issue, and the thinking, reforms and tensions surrounding this category of graduates have gathered momentum. Vocational fields and the contents of the PhDs' training have evolved everywhere. However, the higher education and research institutions of the various countries have "marked out" this category of graduates in various ways and prepare PhDs differently to fit into certain segments of the labour market. The purpose of this paper, based on a (quantitative and qualitative) study of the ways in which PhDs are produced and integrated into the labour market, is to identify and compare Japanese and French policies and practices and the way they have evolved in recent years. In doing so, we seek to determine the societal foundation underpinning the labour market for PhD holders and the trajectory each of the countries is now following and to ascertain in which markets these graduates will be able to find employment

How to Complete the Ph.D. Program In Time and Without Complications in India?

“…A majority of scholars think that a Ph.D. degree is limited to having careers in academics. However, many other fields require Ph.D. degree holders [58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76]. We have collected some information about the career prospects for scholars once scholars complete the Ph.D. program as listed below.…”

How useful is post‐graduate education in biochemistry for entry into the South African labour market?

“…For example, a study in France found that post‐doctoral experience is beneficial to secure an academic position at a public research institute. However, the very same experience is seen as an impediment to being employed in the industry 7 . It seems less challenging for PhD biochemistry graduates to find professional jobs and managerial positions linked to large corporations, often combining academic research and employment in the private sector through established networks of collaboration between academia and the industry 7 …”

“…7 It seems less challenging for PhD biochemistry graduates to find professional jobs and managerial positions linked to large corporations, often combining academic research and employment in the private sector through established networks of collaboration between academia and the industry. 7 The question arises: Are biochemistry graduates employable in a South African society? Are biochemistry graduates equipped with the necessary employability skills alongside their subject-specific skills to secure employment after graduation?…”