Social Sustainability of Raw Rubber Production: A Supply Chain Analysis under Sri Lankan Scenario

Abstract

Raw rubber production is the sole foundation for the rubber product industry, rendering raw rubber to manufacture essential commodities to mankind, such as tires, condoms, surgical gloves, and so forth. Raw rubber production involves various stakeholders; however, literature focusing on the social impacts of the supply chains of raw rubber production has hereto been absent. Social life cycle assessment, a popular tool to assess the social impacts of a product or process and was deployed herein to assess the social profiles of three Sri Lankan raw rubber supply chains (crepe rubber, concentrated latex, and ribbed smoked sheets) in a cradle-to-gate manner. The Social Hotspots Database v4 on Sima Pro v9.3 was used for the analysis. Results indicated that Governance, Labour rights & decent work had been affected due to Corruption and Freedom of association & collective bargaining issues, mainly in Belarus and China. Proposed improvement options to address these touchpoints were found to be effective. If the importation of K-fertilizer shifted into countries with lower risks, such as Canada, Israel, and Lithuania, overall social risks associated with Corruption and Freedom of association & collective bargaining could be reduced by ca. 36% and 25%, respectively. As a result, social risks in the impact described above categories, i.e., Governance and Labor rights & decent work, were reduced by ca. 35–41% and ca. 17–20%, respectively. Managers may pay thorough attention to the hotspots identified herein in the first place and try to avoid them as much as possible. They may consider importation from the aforesaid low-risk countries while weighing the trade-offs with economic and environmental aspects.

Unveiling the Environmental Impacts of Concentrated Latex Manufacturing in Sri Lanka through a Life Cycle Assessment

“…The overall sustainability of raw rubber processing can be achieved by considering tradeoffs between three dimensions of sustainability: economic, environmental, and social. Although studies are available that individually analyze those dimensions in the natural rubber sector [9,[13][14][15][16]39,44], this emphasizes the need for a sustainability assessment that simultaneously encapsulates all three dimensions of sustainability of raw rubber manufacture with the use of life cycle costing, LCA, and social life cycle assessment. Extending the scope of this sustainability assessment to rubber cultivation may not only uncover various sustainability-related issues in the natural rubber industry but also help establish overall sustainability in the industry.…”