SOCIAL STATUS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER. By B. P. Dohrenwend and B. S. Dohrenwend. New York: Wiley, 1969. 207 pp. $9.50

Hollingshead, August B.

doi:10.1093/sf/49.2.319

Cited by 477 publications

(556 citation statements)

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“…In terms of socioeconomic status, all families belonged to the upper–middle or upper class (Hollingshead, 1975, see details in Table 1). Participants were recruited through local day care centers, autism service providers such as clinics and schools, web postings, and word of mouth.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atypical object exploration in infants at-risk for autism during the first year of lifer

2015

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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder usually diagnosed by the end of the second year of life. Early signs of ASD within the first year of life are still unclear. The main purpose of the present study was to compare object exploration skills between infants at-risk for ASD and typically developing (TD) infants to determine early markers for autism within the first year of life. Sixteen at-risk infants and 16 TD infants were longitudinally followed from 6 to 15 months of age during an object exploration task involving three objects with distinct size, shape, and texture, i.e., a long rattle, a rigid circular ball, and a soft circular koosh ball. All sessions were videotaped for coding of manual exploration (grasping and dropping), oral exploration (mouthing), and visual exploration (looking). We also obtained follow-up outcomes using various developmental questionnaires at 18 months and email follow-up on developmental delays/ASD diagnosis after the infants’ second birthdays. Our results showed object-based differences in exploration patterns that extended across both groups. We also noticed context-dependent group differences for various exploratory behaviors across objects and ages. Specifically, at 6 months, at-risk infants showed less grasping of the rigid ball as well as less mouthing and greater looking at the rattle compared to TD infants. At 9 and 12 months, at-risk infants demonstrated significantly lower levels of purposeful dropping of all objects and greater looking at the rattle. Lastly, at 15 months, at-risk infants showed persistent mouthing of the rigid ball and rattle compared to TD infants. In addition, 10 out of 16 at-risk infants developed various motor, social, and language delays or ASD diagnosis at follow-up. Taken together, early context-dependent delays/abnormalities in object exploration could be markers for future developmental delays in infants at-risk for autism. Moreover, promoting early object experiences through socially embedded, free and structured play could have significant implications for multisystem development including perceptuo-motor, social communication, and cognitive development in at-risk infants.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atypical object exploration in infants at-risk for autism during the first year of lifer

2015

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“…Sex, race, scanner site, handedness, duration of illness, current antipsychotic medication usage, current antipsychotic medication dosage (measured by chlorpromazine equivalents), age, ICV, and socioeconomic status (measured by Hollingshead index (Hollingshead, 1975)) were tested as potential covariates for analyses. To account for confounds, measures were included as covariates only when they were significantly associated with the dependent variables (by ANOVAs for categorical variables and Pearson’s correlations for continuous variables).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of lithium on cortical thickness and hippocampal subfield volumes in psychotic bipolar disorder

Giakoumatos

Nanda

Mathew

et al. 2015

Journal of Psychiatric Research

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Relative to healthy controls, lithium free bipolar patients exhibit significant gray matter abnormalities. Lithium, the long-time reference standard medication treatment for bipolar disorder, has been proposed to be neuro-protective against these abnormalities. However, its effects on cortical thickness and hippocampal subfield (HSF) volumes remain unstudied and unclear, respectively, in bipolar disorder. This study included 342 healthy controls (HC), 51 lithium free PBD patients (NoLi), and 51 PBD patients taking lithium (Li). Regional gray matter thickness and HSF volume values were extracted from 3T MRI images. After matching NoLi and Li samples, regions where HC differed from either Li or NoLi were identified. In regions of significant or trending HC-NoLi difference, Li-NoLi comparisons were made. No significant HC-Li thickness or HSF volume differences were found. Significantly thinner occipital cortices were observed in NoLi compared to HC. In these regions, Li consistently exhibited non-significant trends for greater cortical thickness relative to NoLi. Significantly less volume was observed in NoLi compared to both HC and Li in right HSFs. Our results suggest that PBD in patients not treated with Li is associated with thinner occipital cortices and reduced HSF volumes compared with HC. Patients treated with Li exhibited significantly larger HSF volumes than NoLi, and those treated with Li were no different from HC in cortical thickness or hippocampal volumes. This evidence directly supports the hypothesis that Li may counteract the locally thinner and smaller gray matter structure found in PBD.

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“…Exclusion criteria included lifetime history of neurological illness or injury (e.g., Parkinson's disease, stroke, seizure, or head trauma resulting in loss of consciousness). Socioeconomic status (SES) was obtained via the Hollingshead four-factor index of social position where 1 refers to high-privilege and 4 refers to low-privilege (Hollingshead, 1975). Hence, this well-characterized sample of early-stage AD individuals provides an excellent group to examine IIV and components of the RT distributions.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

White matter integrity and reaction time intraindividual variability in healthy aging and early-stage Alzheimer disease

et al. 2012

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Aging and early-stage Alzheimer disease (AD) have been shown to be associated with increased RT intraindividual variability (IIV, as reflected by the coefficient of variation) and an exaggeration of the slow tail of the RT distribution in attentional control tasks, based on ex-Gaussian analyses. The current study examined associations between white matter volume, IIV, and ex-Gaussian RT distribution parameters in cognitively normal aging and early-stage AD. Three RT attention tasks (Stroop, Simon, and a consonant-vowel odd-even switching task) in conjunction with MRI-based measures of cerebral and regional white matter volume were obtained in 133 cognitively normal and 33 early-stage AD individuals. Larger volumes were associated with less IIV and less slowing in the tail of the RT distribution, and larger cerebral and inferior parietal white matter volumes were associated with faster modal reaction time. Collectively, these results support a role of white matter integrity in IIV and distributional skewing, and are consistent with the hypothesis that IIV and RT distributional skewing are sensitive to breakdowns in executive control processes in normal and pathological aging.

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SOCIAL STATUS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER. By B. P. Dohrenwend and B. S. Dohrenwend. New York: Wiley, 1969. 207 pp. $9.50

Cited by 477 publications

References 0 publications

Atypical object exploration in infants at-risk for autism during the first year of lifer

Atypical object exploration in infants at-risk for autism during the first year of lifer

Effects of lithium on cortical thickness and hippocampal subfield volumes in psychotic bipolar disorder

White matter integrity and reaction time intraindividual variability in healthy aging and early-stage Alzheimer disease

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