Social Status and Aggression: A Field Study Analyzed by Survival Analysis

Diekmann, Andreas; Jungbauer-Gans, Monika; Krassnig, Heinz; Lorenz, Sigrid

doi:10.1080/00224545.1996.9712252

Cited by 71 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Before appraisal theories will add new appraisal factors to their list, however, they will have to be convinced that the influence of these new factors is not mediated by already existing appraisal factors. Take the finding that status influences whether a person will engage in aggressive behavior (Diekmann, JungbauerGans, Krassnig, & Lorenz, 1996). Status will not be taken up as a new appraisal factor if its influence is mediated, for example, by the existing appraisal factor of control.…”

Section: One Way To Clarify Just What a Claim Includes Is To Ask Whatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flavors of Appraisal Theories of Emotion

Moors

2014

Emotion Review

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Appraisal theories of emotion have two fundamental assumptions: (a) that there are regularities to be discovered between situations and components of emotional episodes, and (b) that the influence of these situations on these components is causally mediated by a mental process called appraisal. Appraisal theories come in different flavors, proposing different to-be-explained phenomena and different underlying mechanisms for the influence of appraisal on the other components. What are the essential elements of your theory of emotion? Which elements are shared by different theories? What element(s) distinguish(es) your theory from the others?Appraisal theories of emotion (e.g., Ellsworth, 2013;Frijda, 2007;Lazarus, 1991;Roseman, 2013;Scherer, 2009) come in two broad flavors. Each has its own proposal about what the to-be-explained phenomena are and how to causally explain them. The to-be-explained phenomenaTo arrive at a prescriptive or technical definition of emotion, appraisal theorists start from the descriptive or folk definition and trim it down so that the resulting set of instances is homogeneous according to the following criteria: A first criterion is that emotions are episodes that are triggered by a stimulus and that consist of several of the following components: changes in appraisal, action tendencies, somatic responses, expressive behavior, and experience or feelings. Additional criteria are that emotional episodes (a) contain an appraisal that the stimulus is relevant for a central goal or concern (cf. Moors, 2007Moors, , 2013Oatley & Johnson-Laird, 1987), (b) contain an action tendency with control precedence (i.e., one that takes priority over other goals, Frijda, 2007) and/or (c) have strongly synchronizing components (Scherer, 2009). It may be noted that these criteria are all gradual in nature (episodes are more or less relevant to more or less central concerns; action tendencies take precedence with more or less force; and components can synchronize to a more or less extent), thus allowing for relative conclusions only (e.g., one episode is more/less emotional than another). Sharp distinctions between emotional vs. nonemotional episodes are only possible when some treshold is chosen (e.g., an episode could be called emotional when an episode exceeds a certain degree of goal relevance, control precedence, and/or synchronization). Despite believing in the heuristic value of their criteria, several appraisal theorists realize that any criterion or treshold contains an element of choice not open to empirical test, and that there is a great lack of consensus.Appraisal theories not only propose ways to demarcate the set of emotional episodes, but also ways to organize the variety within this set. A first flavor of appraisal theories (e.g., Lazarus, 1991;Roseman, 2013) splits the set into a limited number of subsets, corresponding to the specific emotions figuring in natural language (e.g., anger, fear, sadness). Proponents of the first flavor take these specific emotions as the phenomena to ...

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Section: One Way To Clarify Just What a Claim Includes Is To Ask Whatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flavors of Appraisal Theories of Emotion

Moors

2014

Emotion Review

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“…• Survival analysis Survival analysis [5] has been applied to various areas, such as bio-medical science, sociology, and epidemics [6], [7], [8], [9]. Among the methodologies for survival analysis, Cox proportional hazard regression model [3], which is a semi-parametric survival analysis methodology, has been widely used [10], [11], [12].…”

Section: Modeling the Number Of Commentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Approach to Model and Predict the Popularity of Online Contents with Explanatory Factors

Lee

Moon

Salamatian

2010

2010 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology

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Abstract-In this paper, we propose a methodology to predict the popularity of online contents. More precisely, rather than trying to infer the popularity of a content itself, we infer the likelihood that a content will be popular. Our approach is rooted in survival analysis where predicting the precise lifetime of an individual is very hard and almost impossible but predicting the likelihood of one's survival longer than a threshold or another individual is possible. We position ourselves in the standpoint of an external observer who has to infer the popularity of a content only using publicly observable metrics, such as the lifetime of a thread, the number of comments, and the number of views. Our goal is to infer these observable metrics, using a set of explanatory factors, such as the number of comments and the number of links in the first hours after the content publication, which are observable by the external observer.We use a Cox proportional hazard regression model that divides the distribution function of the observable popularity metric into two components: a) one that can be explained by the given set of explanatory factors (called risk factors) and b) a baseline distribution function that integrates all the factors not taken into account. To validate our proposed approach, we use data sets from two different online discussion forums: dpreview.com, one of the largest online discussion groups providing news and discussion forums about all kinds of digital cameras, and myspace.com, one of the representative online social networking services. On these two data sets we model two different popularity metrics, the lifetime of threads and the number of comments, and show that our approach can predict the lifetime of threads from Dpreview (Myspace) by observing a thread during the first 5∼6 days (24 hours, respectively) and the number of comments of Dpreview threads by observing a thread during first 2∼3 days.

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“…However, informal social control behavior is more interesting in a social psychology context, and it is this behavior that will be treated in this article. Informal social control is the sanctioning of an individual by a peer (Anderson, Chiricos, & Waldo, 1977; Osgood, Wilson, O'Malley, Bachman, & Johnson, 1996) or a group member, someone with the same or with a different social status (Diekmann, Jungbauer‐Gans, Krassnig, & Lorenz, 1996; Gueguen & Pascual, 2002), whose specific social role or social function is not to sanction the transgression of social norms. Informal social control is a behavior that has been studied in depth, especially by sociologists.…”

Section: Social Norms and Social Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Control Behavior: The Effects of Social Situations and Personal Implication on Informal Social Sanctions

Chekroun

2008

Social & Personality Psych

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Social control is the generic term used to refer to reactions to counter‐normative behaviors and to informal social sanctions that can be attributed to deviant individuals. This review of theories and experimental findings addresses the determinants of social control reactions. First, we examine researches in experimental social psychology that show how people's reactions can be inhibited by the presence of others; a phenomenon known as the ‘Bystander effect’. Next, we examine the extent to which group membership factors affect social control. According to the ‘Black Sheep effect’, people are more severe with a deviant when they share their social identity than when he is a member of an out‐group. Even though these processes appear as good predictors for social control reactions, other findings highlight that social control and the previous processes could be associated to self‐related motivations that are encouraging people to defend themselves through the protection of their group's norms.

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Social Status and Aggression: A Field Study Analyzed by Survival Analysis

Cited by 71 publications

References 2 publications

Flavors of Appraisal Theories of Emotion

Flavors of Appraisal Theories of Emotion

An Approach to Model and Predict the Popularity of Online Contents with Explanatory Factors

Social Control Behavior: The Effects of Social Situations and Personal Implication on Informal Social Sanctions

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