Social Reinforcement of Infant Babbling

Todd, Gibson A.; Palmer, Bruce

doi:10.2307/1126969

Cited by 58 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Evidence that parents-at least mothers-tend to treat male and female offspring differently comes from studies of humans (Kagan & Freeman, 1970;Lewis, 1972;Moss, 1967;Todd & Palmer, 1968) and several nonhuman species (Bixler, 1980;Jensen, 1969;Meier & Schutzman, 1968;Mitchell, 1968). In all cases, mothers tend to be more punitive toward, and less protective of, their male infants than their female infants.…”

Section: Homosexuals Should Have Higher Frequencies Of Other Sexualmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurohormonal functioning and sexual orientation: A theory of homosexuality–heterosexuality.

Ellis

Ames²

1987

Psychological Bulletin

279

143

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Following a historical sketch of attempts to explain homosexuality, we review evidence indicating that the process of determining human sexual orientation is fundamentally the same in all mammals. In this process, four phenotypic dimensions of sexuality develop from two more or less distinct sex genotypes. Studies are reviewed that indicate how phenotypic deviations from these two genotypes (called sexual inversions) can occur. The causes of sexual inversions are categorized as genetic-hormonal, pharmacological, maternal stress, immunological, and social experiential. From this evidence, we propose a theory of how the entire spectrum of human sexual orientation (vs. simply homosexuality) is determined.A consistent preference for sexual relations with one's own sex (homosexuality), the opposite sex (heterosexuality), or vary-

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Section: Homosexuals Should Have Higher Frequencies Of Other Sexualmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurohormonal functioning and sexual orientation: A theory of homosexuality–heterosexuality.

Ellis

Ames²

1987

Psychological Bulletin

279

143

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Higher levels of vocalization were observed in the reinforcement condition relative to the DRO control condition, suggesting that infant vocalizations were sensitive to the reinforcement contingency. This study represented a methodological improvement over previous research on the effects of social reinforcement on infant vocalization that used the extinction control and failed to rule out the alternative interpretation that infant vocal behavior was elicited by social stimulation (e.g., Rheingold et al, 1959;Todd & Palmer, 1968).…”

mentioning

confidence: 91%

The Effects of Extinction, Noncontingent Reinforcement, and Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior as Control Procedures

Thompson

Iwata

Hanley

et al. 2003

J of App Behav Analysis

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Several techniques have been used in applied research as controls for the introduction of a reinforcement contingency, including extinction, noncontingent reinforcement (NCR), and differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO). Little research, however, has examined the relative strengths and limitations of these “reversal” controls. We compared the effects of extinction with those of NCR and DRO in both multielement and reversal designs, with respect to (a) rate and amount of response decrement, (b) rate of response recovery following reintroduction of reinforcement, and (c) any positive or negative side effects associated with transitions. Results indicated that extinction generally produced the most consistent and rapid reversal effects, with few observed negative side effects.

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“…Head-turning is similarly reinforced by a variety of biologically unrelated consequences-a visual pattern (Levinson & Levinson, 1967) or a novel toy (Koch, 1968), a human jack-in-the-box (Bower, 1964), visual access to the mother or a stranger (Koch, 1968), a squirt of milk (Papousek, 1961) or sugar water (Clifton, Siqueland, & Lipsitt, 1972), a nonnutritive nipple (Siqueland, 1968a), or simply by "being correct" (Papousek, 1967). Vocalizations have been reinforced by both auditory (Hulsebus, 1973;Todd & Palmer, 1968) and visual stimulation (J. S. Watson , as have visual behavior (J. S. Watson, 1969), foot-kicking (McKirdy & Rovee, 1978), and panel-pressing (Lipsitt, Pederson, & DeLucia, 1966).…”

Section: Reinforcer Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%