Social regularities in outdoor recreation

Norm Crystallization: Measurement and Comparative Analysis

“…Application of normative theory and methods to parks and outdoor recreation has raised several conceptual and empirical issues (Heywood, 1993a(Heywood, , 1993b(Heywood, , 1996a(Heywood, , 1996bManning et al, 2001;McDonald, 1996;Noe, 1992;Patterson & Hammitt, 1990;Roggenbuck et al, 1991;Shelby et al, 1996;. As originally conceived, norms are understood to (a) guide behavior (Biddle, 1986;Blake & Davis, 1964;Cancian, 1975), (b) be enforced by sanctions (Homans, 1950;Rossi & Berk, 1985) and (c) be widely shared by social groups (Rossi & Berk, 1985).…”

Crowding Perception in a Tourist City: A Question of Preference

“…Based on the works of Parsons (1937), Heywood (1996) defines norms as shared beliefs about how behaviour and conditions ought to be under specific circumstances. A distinction can be made between social and personal norms, where social norms are standards, shared by different members of a social group, while personal norms do not become internalized by all group members.…”

Conventions, emerging norms, and norms in outdoor recreation

“…This article takes a broader perspective, as suggested by Heywood (1996), by considering social regularities in outdoor recreation and specifically presents an evaluative model that distinguishes between social conventions, emerging norms, and norms.…”